Thus, before being subjected to analysis, image must undergo a training phase, which consists in carrying out operations improve visual quality (increased contrast, the removal of fuzziness, underlining boundaries, filtering) operations and the formation of graphic drug (segmentation, allocation of units) image.

Changes in contrast

Smoothing noise

Images at the stage of digitization are exposed to the additive and pulse noise. Additive noise represents some random message that added to a useful outlet system, in this case additive noise caused by grain films. Pulse noise, unlike additive, characterized the impact on the useful signal in only a few random locations (the value of the resulting signal in these locations Takes random value). Pulse noise is typical for digital transmission systems and storage of images.

Underline borders

Methods smoothing images can remove noise very effectively. A significant drawback is smoothing algorithms smaz images (that is, reduction Definition of contour elements), while the value smaza proportional to the size of masks used for smoothing. For a clear image analysis, especially when calculating geometric structural elements, it is very important to remove smaz with the contours of objects in the image, that is strengthened the difference between the gradations of brightness contour of the object and neighboring elements background. In this case, image processing techniques underscores contours. Usually emphasizing the borders is carried out using high spatial filtering. Specifications filters set in a mask, in which the average value must be equal to zero. Another way to underscore the borders is the so-called static differentiation. The method of brightness value of each element is divided into a statistical evaluation of RMS.

Median filtering

Median filtering applies to nonlinear techniques of image processing and has the following advantages over linear filtration (classical procedures smoothing): retains the sharp differences in (the border); effectively smooths pulse noise; does not change the brightness of the background. Median filtering is implemented by some movement aperture (masks) along discrete images and replacement values central element masks median (mean orderly sequence) building blocks inside the aperture. In general, aperture can have many different forms, but in practice more often all applicable square aperture.

Segmentation images

Under the segmentation of the image refers to the process of splitting at its constituent parts, having meaningful sense: objects, their boundaries or other informative Samples characteristic geometric features, etc. In the case of automation techniques for obtaining images segmentation should be seen as basic start-up phase of analysis, is to construct a formal description of the image quality of which largely determines the success of solutions task recognition and interpretation facilities.

Methods of allocating units

There rarely are confronted with the task of finding perimeters, curvature, form factors, specific surface facilities, etc. All of the tasks so or otherwise associated with analysis of contour elements objectes.Metody highlight the contours of the image can be divided into the following main classes:
• high-frequency filtering techniques;
• methods of spatial differentiation;
• methods of functional approximation.
Common to all these methods is to consider the border area as a sudden image brightness function f (i, j); same distinguishes them entered the notion of a mathematical model search algorithm border and boundary points.

2. EXISTENT DEVELOPMENTS

The method of image first appeared as a ready-to-use technical means in 1963, along with the development QTM (KTM Quantitative Mikroskopa Television), subsequently became part of the company "MEKOC". This device was intended for use in metallurgical laboratories - especially for the quantitative monitoring of the purity of steel and other mikrostrukturnyh measurements, but soon made it clear usefulness this device and other areas.One of the first applications in biology was the measurement of the size of airspaces in the lungs (which is required for quantitative description of the degree of pulmonary lesions) and for counting the number of grains of silver in avtoradiografii.
Since then advanced image analysis technology has found its application in almost all scientific and technical fields of natural science, ranging from anatomy with zoologists, and has expanded its capacity to ensure that include mathematical processing functions such as filtering and image enhancement.

2.1 МЕКОС

The MECOS-C2 automated microscopy system (AMS) family is intended for medical, scientific, sanitary, educational, veterinary, agricultural, manufacturing laboratories. MECOS-C2 AMS complete set includes the following main parts.
1) Microscope trinocular. Above 100 models of all microscopy types of main manufacturers can be used.
2) Digital videocamera. Above 50 models of leading manufacturers for all analysis types are applied.
3) Microscope motorization equipment for specimen relocation and focusing under computer control. Equipment of MECOS production (MECOS-MS2) or other manufacturers can be used.
4) PC or notebook of different types.
5) Special software of MECOS production (MECOS-C2soft) including:
- "virtual microscopy" platform for information services;
- group of functional program - techniques for analyses of different types production;
- "reference virtual slides" program for quality control and personal training.
6) Devices for specimen preparation of different manufacturers (Options).
Some program - techniques can work without automation equipment using usual manual microscope.

2.2 Diamorf

An example is the medical complex computerized image analysis "DiaMorf" used in hospitals and research institutes. Specialized complexes "DiaMorf" provide automatic entry microscopic images, objects selected photo (cell nuclei, plots different colour or brightness). Is developed tools to take measurements in the picture: linear dimensions, perimeter, area, optical parameters, the situation objects. Statistical processing subsystem holds a mathematical measurement results with automatic construction of a wide range of histograms, graphs, tables.
Software set in automatic mode perform the following functions both quantitative and qualitative image analysis: According to group objects: the number of objects, total perimeter, the total area, total integral optical density.

2.3 Analyzer of representing the biological objects of "Videotect"

VideoTesT - Master (Morphology) is designed for entry, conversion and image analysis in medicine and biology. The analysis processed statistically.
VideoTesT - Master (Morphology) includes six pre-analysis techniques:
"Measurement", "Counting and Measurements", "Volume Share", "Eritrotsitometriya", "PodschetTrombotsitov", "NCR". It is also an opportunity to work in a free mode ( "Netmetodiki").
The program also allows you to create new methods of analysis for various user tasks. Using the methodology entire sequence of operations over the image is automatically.
VideoTesT - Master (Morphology) contains six pre-techniques:
1. The technique "Measurement" is used to measure morphological and brightness settings objects (nuclei of cells, etc.) in the preparations.
2. The technique "Counting and Measurements" is used to measure morphological and brightness settings objects (nuclei of cells, etc.) in the preparations for and automatic classification of measured objects.
3. The technique "Share volume" is used to assess the areal ratios different colour (or brightness) phases in histological preparations.
4. The technique "Eritrotsitometriya" is intended to measure erythrocyte in stained smears and constructing histograms distribution of erythrocytes size.
5. The technique "Counting of platelets" is used to assess the content of platelets on erythrocytes in stained smears.
6. The technique "NCR" is intended to calculate the nuclear-cell relations.
The program also allows to operate in free mode, without any methodology. Using a version of the work, you can enter the picture, and then process it with using the full range of functions available in the program (the conversion, editing, measurement, etc.).
IMAGES AND DATA TRANSFER THROUGH BUFER Images and data can be transferred to other applications, Windows (MS Word, MS Excel, etc.) through the buffer temporary storage.

3. Analyzer of representing the biological objects of "Videotect"

3.1 The results of scientific search in the segmentation of images histological

The work is dedicated to the problem of segmentation of the image histological preparations. Its goal is the development of algorithms to identify histological objects in the image preparation, retaining geometric and optical properties of the object. A classification of objects to determine segmentation algorithm. A half-utonsheniya algorithm that takes into account the characteristics of images histological preparations.
На основе методов morphology developed mathematical algorithms segmentation receptacles and fibers with small and large optical increase, as well as identification algorithm vessels and fibers with a large increase, using the results of segmentation algorithm. Segmentation algorithms developed polygonal objects (cell nuclei cells, cross-sectional vessels and fibers) methods of mathematical morphology and association areas, as well as an algorithm to determine the cells binary images obtained as a result of the threshold segmentation.
To perform segmentation histological objects on the colour images developed coordinate system describe the color of PHS. An image analysis system Bioscan, which implemented the above algorithms. Obtained in dissertation work results are intended for implementation in automated systems analysis and histological preparations can be used in traditional processing and analysis of histological objects.