Linkhttp://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/Soc_Gum/VMSU/2007-01/07suapkp.htm
Determination
notion steady
competitiveness of
J.Simeh
Exposition
of problem. Scientists already enough long time are engaged in research of
competition, here are a lot of looks in relation to competition, and this notion
changes depending on transformation processes in an
economy. At first by the basis of notion competition there was the
rivalry. In modern perception the
rivalry is examined only as a sign of conduct of some object, in that time as
competition characterizes a market model, which possibility to foresee the
conduct of this object at the concrete market is by. It is the basis of
researches of conduct of competitors and mechanism of providing of
competitiveness of enterprise. Many scientists-economists are engaged in the
decision of this problem, however on comparison with the competitiveness of
research of competition - steady, in the modern terms of the permanent
strengthening of competition, is more actual. It is related to the increase of
speed of dynamic economic processes in
Analysis
of the last researches and publications. In
the scientific literature devoted to consideration of economic problems,
considerable attention is spared to the questions of providing of
competitiveness of enterprise. Without regard to it, and does not until now have
an unique look in relation to determination of competitiveness of enterprise.
For example, in materials of International organization the "European forum from
the problems of management" competitiveness of enterprise and commodities
equate. Fathoutdinov R.A. examines competitiveness as description of some
object, which both products and enterprise can come forward in a role of. Other
authors [1, 2] devoted the publications to research of competitiveness at
different levels: from a commodity to the country. In addition, many scientists
are engaged in the problem of strategic management and planning, with the
purpose of providing of competitiveness of enterprise (Porter, F.Cotler, L.
Shevchenko, A.Yo.Yodanov, I.Ansoff). Some scientists are engaged in research of
both competitiveness of enterprise and competition – steady of enterprise [3,
4].
Unsolved
part of general issue. Without
regard to fruitful labor of scientists-economists there are unsolved some
aspects of problem, namely: for today there is no clear border between notions
«competitiveness» and «competition – steady», clear determination of features of
these notions.
Purpose.
Clarification
of notion steady competitiveness of enterprise is the purpose of the article,
determination of semantic communication between notions is a «competitiveness»
and «competition – steady». For achievement of purpose were considered different
theoretical approaches to determination of notion of competition – steady of
enterprise; the analysis of correlation of notions of steady competitiveness and
competitiveness of enterprise is conducted, their semantic subordination is
certain.
Exposition
of basic material. In
the modern terms of development of economy of
Tridid
O.M. asserts that: « Under competition - steady of enterprise the ability of
enterprise is understood, on comparison with the competitors, to resist to the
factors of external environment» [3, P.76]. A scientist enough exactly
determines steady competitiveness of enterprise, as exactly this notion
characterizes two directions: participation in competitive activity and
stability of enterprise. However in opinion of author steady competitiveness of
enterprise depends not only on the factors of external environment. As changes
in the internal environment of enterprise also can have the negative
consequences. Therefore, stability
of enterprise must resist to the factors of both internal and external
factors of enterprise. Therefore necessary in detail to consider notion the
stability of enterprise.
Any
enterprise is of the open economic system, as it is in co-operation with
external environment and large dependence on him, what its features are
determined by: dynamic and not stationary; to store continuous development and
aspiration the structure. To the systems, which develop, peculiar, from one
side, constancy of structure, from other - loss of stability, destruction of one
structure and creation of other permanent structure.
The
term of stay of the various systems, which develop, in the stable being can be
different, therefore the process of development is of sequence of cycles of
evolutional state transitions in the middle of cycle, with salutatory transition
of being at the end of cycle on a new high-quality level, that begins beginning
of a new cycle[5].
Arefeva
O.V. and Shnipko O.S., as a feature of functioning of the system which develops,
irreversibility is selected, that is transition impossibility from a new created
structure to the old changed structure. Irreversibility, similarly as well as
loss of stability, - obligatory property of any system, that develops. Thus
contradictions between stability and develops are very important: the hyper
stability, stable system is unable to develop, as she destroys any deviations
from the hyper stability being. For transition in a new being the system
necessarily, in the certain interval of time, is unsteady. However, permanent
instability is other extreme, that the same as hyper firmness, is harmful for
the system which develops, as she eliminates fixing, fixing in the system of
descriptions necessary for co-operation with an external environment and
formation of permanent structure [5].
Consequently,
development of the economic systems makes a threat to their safety, denying
present their structure and provoking irreversible its changes for formation of
a new structure. Thus, it is necessary to spare attention to consideration the
special role of categories of stability and equilibrium for support and
overcoming of threats of safety of the economic systems.
From
positions of enterprise, stability can be examined as to keep ability of the
system the capable of working consisting of achievement of the planned results,
at presence of a different influencing, which revolt. Indignation can cause
temporal rejections of co-ordinates of being of the system within the limits of
preliminary certain admittances, but at stopping of influencing, the proof
system must go back into initial position [6].
Such
determination in opinion of author is not enough faithful, as an enterprise
capable of working being not always characterizes efficiency of functioning. A
research worker emphasizes that the system in the moment of stopping of
influencing goes back into the initial state, however such situation is some
idealistic. Appropriately to bring results
over of researches of professor Gradova A.P., according to which, no yak
production system functions in a vacuum, surrounds her or she is in the strongly
differentiated environment which never is stable
[7].
«
Under the stable state the ability of the economic system which was exposed to
unfavorable rejection for the scopes of its legitimate value is understood, to
turn in being of stability due to own or loan resources, change of production»
[8, P. 160]. There is such notion as equilibrium in this aspect, which in
scientific literature is sometimes examined as a synonym of stability. Enough
exactly lights this aspect Vasilenco V.O., which considers that an equilibrium
in an economy is an its normal operating condition, however in course of time a
new being of equilibrium can be different from being and, however the system as
well as before will be in an equilibrium [9].
Some
scientists examine a different being of equilibrium. Equilibrium can be
stability in the case when the system is shown out of equilibrium, goes back
into the initial being. Equilibrium is shaky, when, since revolting influencing
is removed, the system continues to be removed from equilibrium in direction of
indignation. Equilibrium can be also indifferent, when being of the system,
after that as revolting influencing is removed, does not change [10]. In opinion
of author of the given work such determination is some inexact, as a researcher
asserts that the system «goes back into the initial being» and «being of the
system… does not change». But, as it was already marked earlier, any economic
system is in permanent development, therefore its being changes constantly, even
if there are no some unfavorable events. However, deserves attention of
determination by the research worker of the stability being of equilibrium that
is the important effective operating condition of
enterprise.
Thus,
the equilibrium of enterprise can be defined as such being, at which an
enterprise has the positive dynamics of functioning, or keeps indoors outside
set borders. Then, stability is potential possibilities of enterprise to get
back in being of equilibrium. Consequently, for providing of steady
competitiveness of enterprise, not only stability but also equilibrium of the
system is a necessary condition. It should be noted that after the essence the
stability and equilibrium, without regard to the functional differences,
characterize such being of the economic system, which gives possibility to
overcome the crisis. Combination of these two notions forms such economic
category, as economic safety of enterprise, which, in opinion of author, is the
inalienable element of steady competitiveness of
enterprise.
Covalov
T. and Souhoroucova T. consider that economic safety is protected of his
activity from the negative influencing of external surroundings, and also
ability in good time to remove various threats or adjust to the existent terms
which are not influence on his activity negatively [11]. Ability is an important
aspect in the given determination to adjust to the existent terms. However, it
is not clear, how it is suggested to remove threats and protect an enterprise
from the negative influencing of external surroundings, as it is exogenous
factors on which an enterprise does not have a direct influence and appearance
of which can not prevent.
Some
research workers determine economic safety of enterprise as aggregate of
factors, which provide independence, stability, ability of c progress in the
conditions of destabilizing factors [12]. A look Bendicov M., which interprets
economic safety of enterprise, is enough look like, as protected of his
scientific and technical, technological, production and skilled potential from
direct (active) or indirect (passive) threats [13]. These determinations have
the general failing: complete independence and protected from threats is
impossible, as, as it was already led to, any open economic system was in
co-operation with external surroundings, as a result constantly develops and
changes.
Enough
exact, on the view of author, there is determination of economic safety of
enterprise as positions of the most effective use of resources for prevention of
threats and providing of the stable functioning of enterprise on a present tense
and in the future [14].
From
point of determination of the best being of the economic system, it is expedient
to spare attention to such notion as efficiency which in opinion of DicanyaV.L.
is one of part of steady competitiveness of enterprise: "Steady competitiveness
of enterprise is determined by two elements: first - competitiveness of
commodity or commodity mass which in a dynamics characterizes the degree of
satisfaction of demand; second - efficiency of production and management. As a
rule, these two elements are so interlinked, that each other is often
determined" [4, P.31]. That touches competitiveness in the resulted
determination, it is possible to assert what this is the necessary condition of
steady competitiveness of enterprise. More detailed analysis is deserved by the
second element of determination - efficiency of production and management, as he
is exactly that factor which enables to provide the stability in competitive
activity, unlike notion of competitiveness, which characterizes potential and
real possibilities of enterprise to sustain competition only, and it yet
guarantees success in a future.
By
research of notion efficiency many scientists got busy, however, determination
notion of «efficiency» in scientific-economic literature until now is very
contradictory. Most research workers consider that efficiency is of relation of
eventual result to the spent resources. Some scientists consider that
"efficiency is the key reasoning for the decision-making about that, how to
produce. In a daily language the efficiency means a word, that production goes
along with minimum expenses, efforts and losses"[15].
As
a rule, achievement of maximal result on the basis of present facilities
(principle of maximization) or achievement of certain result with the use of
minimum facilities (principle of minimization) comes forward in quality of basic
criterion of efficiency. Position of receipt of the best result is adhered to by
Coulishov V.V: "economic efficiency - mean of actions, that provides as a result
of the carried efforts out charges of resources of receipt of maximal (the best)
result" [16, P.164]. Such determination is, on the face of it, it is enough
exact, however a problem consists in the methods of measuring of efficiency. If
to take into account circumstance that the modern terms of menage are
characterized by enough hard competition, as a main purpose of research of
efficiency of enterprise there is ability of comparison of her with efficiency
of competitors. If to take into account circumstance that the modern terms of
menage are characterized by enough hard competition, as a main purpose of
research of efficiency of enterprise there is ability of comparison of her with
efficiency of competitors. But, the same result for one enterprise can be
maximal, and for other - mediocre or low. Therefore, on the view of author, the
result of research Vilfredo Paretto is more acceptable determination of
efficiency. In his opinion efficiency it is such being, at which it is
impossible to improve position of even one subject, not worsening position of
other here. Such approach in science is named an optimum
Paretto.
Conclusions.
The conducted theoretical research allowed an author to do such conclusions and
generalizations:
-
stability characterizes the being of the system;
-
stability of the system has not static, but dynamic
character;
-
stability and equilibrium of the system are in direct dependence, an equilibrium
provides stability of the system, and stability, in the turn, retains an
equilibrium;
-
an equilibrium characterizes the best (optimum) being of the system, and
stability provides such being during great while.
Taking
into account the conducted analysis, we will formulate the author seeing: an
equilibrium is the most effective being of the system, at which under act of
different factors, equilibrium though and is violated, however much the system
does not halt the existence, and is transformed in quite another the system
which functions at new level.
Coming
all from than higher certain, the stability system is the system, to which the
peculiar protracted equilibrium which is attained by the effective reaction on
influencing of factors of external environment.
We
will mark that stability of enterprise is complex economic notion, which
characterizes such being, at which: at first - an enterprise functions in crisis
terms even, that is provided by his efficiency; secondly - an enterprise not
only is able in good time to react on the negative influencing but also is in a
position to adapt oneself to the changes of environment.
Then,
steady competitiveness of enterprise it is possible to define, how not only to
provide ability of enterprise competitiveness but also, to support this being,
both in the conditions of influencing of negative factors and during
transformation of general situation on the given segment of
market.
Thus,
steady competitiveness of enterprise are a complex economic category which
characterizes efficiency of functioning of enterprise in the conditions of
competition in a long-term prospect and is determined (it is provided) by three
elements: 1) by the competitiveness of enterprise; 2) by economic safety of
enterprise; 3) by economic efficiency.
We
will mark that all three component steady competitiveness of enterprise, not
because of close intercommunication and interdependence, have different
functional tasks.
The
competitiveness of enterprise determines the real and potential ability of
enterprise by the effective use of the potential to produce and sell off
competitiveness of products (services).
However,
a competitiveness is current description of enterprise, unlike steady
competitiveness of enterprise, which determines consisting of enterprise of
long-term prospect.
Economic
safety is to provide being of equilibrium and stability to the enterprise, that
enables effectively to function and react on influencing of external and
internal environment of the system during great while. Economic efficiency is
the obligatory element of steady competitiveness of enterprise, as without the
presence of efficiency impossible providing of two previous elements. Under the
effective being an author understands the optimum distributing and use of all
potential of enterprise after for achievement of certain result or put aims.
Thus, efficiency is not the function of maximization, as the maximal use of even
one element of the effective system, pursuant to an optimum Paretto, can result
in worsening of being of other.
Ability
is the important aspect of efficiency to counteract to the factors of both
external and internal environment of enterprise. The optimum use of potential of
enterprise enables achievement of the equilibrium, and efficiency of timely
actions of guidance provides stability of the system.
Prospects
of subsequent researches. The
steady competitiveness of enterprise
are characterized by ability of enterprise effectively to function, even
under act of negative factors of external and internal environment, in the
conditions of hard competitive activity during great while.
It
should be noted that beside the purpose to examine steady competitiveness of
enterprise not taking into account the feature of sphere and industry of
functioning of concrete subject of entrepreneurial activity. It is related to
the differences not only into organization but also in intercommunication with
external surroundings. Therefore subsequent developments will be devoted to the
problem of determination of steady competitiveness of enterprise and features of
its forming for the enterprises of retail business.