Zaika Anna Ivanovna

One of the main environmental problems on a global scale is a quantitative and qualitative change in the depletion of natural fresh waters, giving rise to their deficit and increases morbidity. According to UN projections over the next decade on Earth will not remain untapped reserves of fresh water available.

In Ukraine the problem of drinking water and protection of surface and groundwater from pollution by sewage has long been a problem of national importance. It emphasizes the urgency of the adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Law "On Drinking Water and Drinking Water Supply".

Extreme urgency, it got to the Donbass, where the main source of drinking and industrial water supply channel is the Seversky Donets - Donbas. This is due to growing water shortages, pollution of the main sources of centralized drinking water supply - the rivers Dnieper and Donets, as well as drinking and technical water reservoirs, nearly all small rivers in the Western and Central Donbass, namely rivers Kalmius Mius, Bakhmut, Krynka, Saline, Samara, and many others. Water latter becomes unsuitable for agriculture, fisheries, cultural and domestic purposes due to the significant increase of mineralization of suspended substances and organic compounds, as well as bacteriological indicators. About 60-70% of water samples, taking on an analysis of local sources of small rivers (which number the Donets Basin is 234) show their suitability for drinking water. This may in turn lead to the exclusion from the system of domestic water supply in Donetsk region of such back-up power, as Karlovske and olkhovsky reservoir. In dry years, water shortages even in the decline in production amounts to approximately 500 million m ³ / year, the fourth part of the urban area which include Gorlovka Makiivka, Kostiantynivka, Thorez, snowy, Dimitrova, Novogrodovka and many mining towns) receive water on a schedule , there are cases full of a power outage during the day, and in some localities problem is partially solved only by imported water. From irregular water supply are particularly affected the eastern, southern and north-western region. [11]

Critical situation with the state of the hydrosphere due to two groups of reasons:
- objective;
- subjective.

The former include:
- the natural scarcity of drinking water due to the geographical position of the steppe of Donbass (provision by local water resources in the Donetsk region is only 190 m ³ / year • attendees., With the average in Ukraine - 1000 m ³ / year • people);
- the poor quality of water resources in Ukraine[9] (a variety of minerals in the bowels of the region are a source of groundwater pollution with mineral salts, heavy and radioactive elements).

Subjective factors include a high concentration of industrial production and high population density, the partial or complete drainage of the excavation of underground water in large areas where there are densely populated cities, huge water losses (30%) in water supply systems due to the large deterioration of water pipes (in some cases up to 70%), economic activity is a large number of enterprises in various branches of heavy industry (only in the Donetsk region of about 1500, of which 800 - the first class of danger), as well as agriculture. Their presence is associated with:
- the highest in Ukraine, the intensity of the consumption of fresh water (about 2,5 billion m ³ / year), with coal mines annually consume 300 million m ³; [1]
- the highest in Ukraine the level of discharge of inadequately treated sewage into the small rivers of Donbass (about 3.7 billion m ³ / year) exceeded the level above the drainage of water consumption is due to release in the regional hydrographic network simultaneously-extracted mine water in an amount of about 0.9 billion m ³ / year, which is more inflow of fresh water via the Seversky Donets - Donbass;
- multiple excess industrial and domestic runoff over the volumes of natural runoff: because of this in the Donbass in vivo hardly keep a clean small rivers (region "eats" is actually from one source - the water system of the Seversky Donets River and some artesian wells).

Crisis situation with water in the Donbass, and compounded by factors such as chronic backlog in all previous phases of water resources development in the region the rate of construction of sewage treatment and waste water from construction rate of industrial water supply facilities (sanitation), [10] and have arisen to date, mismatch performance of many treatment plant (built 30 ... 50 years ago) to modern requirements of water protection legislation of Ukraine, which considerably tightened, approaching international standards.

As a result of this imbalance in the water (primarily rivers) Donbass annually dumped hundreds of millions of cubic meters of untreated and inadequately treated sewage (Fig.1).

Figure 1 - Scheme of movement of treated waste water"

Special contribution to this negative-anthropogenic process make the Donbass coal industry, which is thrown into the hydrographic network of the region mine water at a rate of 22 m ³ / s (about 900 million m ³ / year).

The formation of mining water violates the dynamics of groundwater aquifers, depleting them, and when there is insufficient clean mine waters have become a dangerous source of water pollution of surface watercourses and water bodies.

Mine water contaminated with suspended solids, [8]bacterial and mineral impurities.

However, the increased requirements of sanitary and water authorities to the quality of discharges into water bodies of industrial waste waters, sewage treatment plants with a higher removal efficiency put on the agenda the question of a gradual transition, not only to the complete satisfaction of the requirements of the coal enterprises in the water for industrial purposes due to mine water but also to the implementation of these waters to other sectors of the economy in the long term will eliminate the discharge to surface waters of mine waters.

In accordance with the "Rules of surface water from contamination return waters" to the activities of engineering protection of watercourses and water bodies include:
- treatment of mine water from suspended solids and bacterial contaminants of mineral salts;
- reuse;
- a device circulating water systems; [3]
- reduction of impurities in the passing-extracted mine water;
- et al.

Paramount importance of these activities is clean mine waters, the initial stage of which is the extraction of suspended solids, ie lighting. This is explained by the fact that the brightening of mine water in the final stages of purification refers to issues which largely determines the techno-economic performance of the treatment facilities of the coal industry. How effective are these questions ultimately depends protection watersheds from pollution and the use of mine water in the economy.

Even in 1985-1990 DonUGI institutions, Dongiproshaht and others expressed the opinion that the task of clarifying mine water is almost solved. However, the analysis method showed that shoot from the agenda the question of clarification prematurely. This conclusion is supported by the following:
- firstly, almost 80% of mines pumped to the surface of the water with a concentration of 300 mg / l (30 to 1500 mg / l), violating the order № 118 Coal Ministry of Ukraine, thus increasing the load on the surface treatment plant, quickly reduces the efficiency and reliability of their work, especially filters;
- secondly, the variety of the basic properties of: the density (from 1600 to 3100 lb / ft ³); granulometric composition (depending on the type of coal), ash (varies from 25 to 66%), the filtration coefficient. [2]
- thirdly, evacuated to the surface mine water contaminated with finely dispersed, kinetically stable and aggregation, and consequently trudnoosadimymi powders, grain size of which depends on the type of coal. Thus, coal grades K, OS, M, L, T, G, and B contain the fraction larger than 50 microns 1,3-30,9%; fraction less than 50 m. 69,1-98,7%, coal grades A and PA fractions larger than 50 microns 15,7-65,5%, and the fraction less than 50 microns - 34,5-84,3%. Elevated levels of fractions less than 50 microns is typical mainly for mine water, mining coking coal and gas. Filtration coefficient of suspensions varies widely: from 0.07 m / day in the case of coarse-grained slurry, consisting mostly of grains of anthracite to 0,001 m / day for precipitation mines producing coal gas. The general rule for suspended mine water can be assumed that the ash content of the grain fraction of less than 50 microns are always higher ash content of sludge. This indicates the presence in this fraction a significant amount of clay compounds.

Proportion of fine particles smaller than 20 microns on average 60%, while the proportion of fractions less than 10 m in the range 50-100 microns from the total mass of sediment. Therefore, as the published results of a study of the kinetics of deposition of suspended solids mine waters, even the use of reagents does not in all cases equally contribute to the precipitate, the interest rate of deposition is negligible, amounting to about 0.03 mm / sec.

- Second, high rates of treatment, which are listed in the records of mines, often indicate a weak quality control of mine water for their release into water bodies to control cross-sections;
- Thirdly, the order established by the Coal Ministry of Ukraine № 118 RDT concentration in mine waters discharged into bodies of water, equal to 30 mg / l does not show the mechanism of action "Sanitary rules and norms for the protection of surface waters from pollution" (SanPin № 4630-88) . Given the current level of contamination of surface water bodies of his size should have been sharply reduced.

Thus, one of unsolved problems in the field of rational use and protection of water resources in the enterprises of coal is to clean up mine water and the aggregation of kinetically stable trudnoosadimoy suspension. High stability of suspension due to the presence in its composition mainly of fine clay particles having a high molecular moisture capacity. Original content of particulate matter reaches more than 1 g / l, only a few enterprises - 30 g / l, while the proportion of fine particles smaller than 10 microns is 50-100% of their total mass. Under these conditions, traditional methods of treatment of mine water does not provide adequate performance under the terms of use purified water for technical needs and dumping the excess volume of natural water bodies and watercourses.

Stated points to the relevance of continuing to find ways to clean mine waters trudnoosadimoy suspension, viz. Conceptually, the effective treatment of mine water from trudnoosadimoy suspension can be achieved in two ways:
- the application of new and more effective approaches and methods of purification based on the principles of low-waste production;
- using the technology of purification of high molecular organic flocculants.

The priority is the first path. In this direction, and appropriate division of clean mine waters at two stages: the first (pretreatment), [7] which is carried out in underground mines and the second (deep post-treatment), which is produced in terrestrial environments. The following considerations justify this approach.

As is known to provide reliable water control work demands forced mines lighten mine water from the contained solid particles of size 0.1 mm and exhibited at the SNIP II-94-80 "Underground mining, and to implement them encouraged the construction of special tanks to water collectors . Currently, water collectors with a brightening of reservoirs (advanced septic tanks) are used by approximately 15% of mines in Ukraine. But experience shows that the facility in accordance with SNIP II-94-80 pre-sedimentation of horizontal type often does not provide the desired degree of purification of mine water does not exclude the siltation of water tanks, but only slows it does not address the issue of cleaning of the sludge and further raises the question quickly silt preliminary sedimentation due to lack of mechanization of this process. However, capital costs for construction of large-sized pre-settler high, reaching 40% of the cost of building developments header. One reason for this is uniquely suited to reducing contamination of the flow of mine waters in underground mines, the neglect of favorable conditions of a positive solution to the problem the presence of large net inflows of water from the workings of canceled containing suspensions of 2-6 mg / l, the possibility of significant reduction (up to 90 %) volumes of treated water in case of preventing them mixing with large volumes of clean groundwater, which can significantly reduce the overall size of treatment plants, capital costs for their construction, as well as dramatically increase the efficiency and reliability of treatment; increased by several orders of particle size of suspensions, [5] contained in underground mine water flows to the district water transport chains, as compared with particles in the water, pumped to the surface, which dramatically increases the efficiency of sedimentation of suspended matter in the underground desilting facilities, especially when placing the latter on the current horizon, increased by several orders of magnitude the concentration of suspended matter contained in the underground mine water flows to the district water transport chains, compared with water, pumped to the surface, which dramatically increases in the first hour of the effectiveness of settling clouds of sediment (including fine) in underground desilting facilities being located on the existing horizons, the presence at each mine vast water control, elements of which, with appropriate upgrading may be given to clarifying and disinfecting functions with small water treatment plants, etc.).

Based on these assumptions is a promising approach designed DonNTU avoid mixing large volumes of clean groundwater and small volumes of contaminated mine water, clearing the last through more effective than horizontal underground septic tanks, underground small-scale sewage treatment plants. As shown DonNTU works in this approach the residual content of suspended solids in mine waters, pumped to the surface, does not exceed 100 mg / l, which corresponds to the requirement of the order № 118 Coal Ministry of Ukraine. [8]

However, this level of concentration of suspended matter is for the hydrosphere potentially environmentally harmful. Subject to the requirements SanPin 4630-88, its value usually needs to be drastically reduced (in some cases to the level of 2-4 mg / l). Achieving this level of concentration of suspended matter in discharged mine waters may be largely by filtration. (Fig.2).

The advantage of filtering is that even in the reagentless mode, it can be used to remove RDT varying dispersion, ie including colloidal particles (size 0,1-1,0 mm). However, in real terms during the initial water content in the RDT, which is close to the upper limit, and the need for leachate quality filtering is performed with preliminary chemical treatment. [12]Therefore, in this case, hydro-mechanical filtering process is complemented by physical and chemical processes of water purification from the coagulated impurities.

Figure 2 - Technological schemes purification of mine waters by filtering

Performance requirements of deep purification of water on the ground is determined separately for each mine on the basis of the above "Sanitary rules ..." depending on the type of water, dirtiness open hydrographic network and the extent of possible bias and dilution of surface water, mine water facility at the site of the place of registration to reagent alignment.

The aim of qualifying work is to develop a single-stage technological scheme of mine water treatment by direct filtration for subsequent use in the production needs of the mine and neighboring businesses.

The idea of work is to reduce the industrial impact of mine production in the hydrosphere OPS, as well as conservation of freshwater resources by preventing the dumping of excess volume of contaminated mine water.

Problems solved in the master's work:
- analysis of the experience of using mine water in the national economy;
- determination of eligibility criteria to mine water for drinking and industrial water supply;
- evaluation of mine water on the conditions of their formation;
- the establishment of general and specific requirements for spending and the quality of treated and disinfected water for the mine water of mining enterprises for technological fields, as well as other industries;
- study of directions of rational use of mine water;
- analysis of the traditional technological schemes for cleaning mine water filtration method under various conditions of their use;
- a study of sediment deposition and the kinetics of suspensions of mine water mine "Russia";
- identification of main parameters of filtration;
- select the type of filter as a basic element of the technological scheme lighten mine water and filter material;
- select the type and dose of chemicals;
- calculation of flocculation chambers;
- calculation of the filter;
- select sludge treatment;
- select the method of disinfection being treated mine water;
- development of the technological scheme lighten mine water, the composition of its elements, the layout of its nodes;
- proposals for the use of treated mine water for industrial, agricultural and other purposes;
- formation of the proposals on the organization of sanitary protection industry mines used as sources of water, their water intakes;
- definition of economic efficiency of the technological scheme of direct filtration of mine water.

The object of investigation of coal mine water production (for example mine "Russia").

The subject of the study are the methods, apparatus and facilities to ensure odnostady treatment of mine water by direct filtration.

Methods of research - systematic-ecological approach and experimental study of the filtering process carried out in the field and laboratory conditions, using model and real mine waters on the basis of a special method of sedimentation analysis, the basic laws of the filtering process through a granular media, the laws of hydraulics and fluid mechanics, to evaluate the experimental results used mathematical methods for processing the data, the definition of water quality parameters was carried out in accordance with existing regulations.

Scientific novelty of the research is to:
- study rationale and design an effective method of direct filtration with a view to its use in the second stage of the technological scheme of deep purification of mine waters;
- determination of parameters influence the initial water and type of boot quality of leachate;
- recommendations for engineering design elements of the technological scheme of direct filtration.

To date, a certain amount of scientific and technical information on the research aspects of filtering to clean mine water for use in the economy. Works by this plan the most widely represented in the publications DonUGI, Shachtinsky branch Novocherkassk Polytechnic Institute and Donetsk National Technical University, VNIIOugol (Perm). Their results were reflected in developments in relation to the Earth's surface environment of technological schemes of treatment of mine waters, including, as a rule, the three main stages: removal of suspended solids (lighting), water disinfection, processing (or storage of sludge). In this case, almost all schemes using two purification steps: the first stage - the upholding of the second stage - the filtering. To improve the efficiency of treatment facilities at both stages are used reagents and flocculants.

From the standpoint of system analysis, experience has shown that the technical solution of two-stage process flow diagrams on the ground are inherent in major shortcomings:
- the complexity of schemes and the constructive use of treatment facilities, their gromozkost;
- the need to use in the purification of large quantities of scarce and expensive chemical reagents, silica sand, absorbents and other materials (the agents themselves are contaminants of water);
- high cost of wastewater treatment plants (from 6 to 15% of assets);
- lack of flexibility to respond to changing conditions for entry of contaminated water to enter treatment facilities, namely the change of flow rate (flow), and especially the quantitative and qualitative composition of impurities of polluted water;
- exclusion of significant land areas under the wastewater treatment plant.
In summary, it may be noted in general that the lack of scrutiny of the hydrogeological conditions of deposits, the complexity of long-term prediction of water inflow into mine workings,[4] various particulate and chemical composition of suspensions creates difficulties in determining the performance and efficiency of sewage treatment plants, thereby causing the need to include in the design of reserve areas for possible expansion of facilities in the future due to the significant increase in the volume of treated water and the inclusion of the new technology nodes, responsive to changes in particulate and chemical composition of suspensions and tributaries.

These shortcomings lead to two negative consequences:
- inconsistency of design effectiveness of treatment facilities a real (usually in natural conditions is much lower than the real effectiveness of the project);
- secondly, limiting the full application of technological schemes and facilities for water purification.

To ensure the desired effect of mine water treatment is necessary as the improvement of the known methods and circuits lighten mine water, and the search for new approaches and solutions.

In many ways, the above issues are resolved in the case of using as a first treatment - bleaching of mine waters in underground mine workings. Its benefits include low residual content of suspended matter in the pumped mine water (less than 200 mg / l) and dumping rain in the mined-out space or recycling them through the coal chain.

It is low in mist pumped mine water can, first of all, solely on the ground the first stage of treatment - settling with bulky tanks and ponds, clarifiers, occupying large areas of land, as well as reagent and to simplify management, an effective (2-4 mg / l, suspended at the outlet) and a compact process flow.

In this study suggested that guided by the presence of the second stage of purification of mine water using direct filtration systems, ie, without desilting facilities, and hence no time-consuming operations to clean them from accumulating sediment and its storage.

Such a system would not be overloaded, since the bulk of RDT will be removed from the mine waters in underground mine workings and in the same store. The presence of the installation of direct filtration will allow the most stringent performance requirements of water after treatment.

In the presence of second-stage performance requirements of deep purification of water they extend separately for each mine and on the basis of the above "Sanitary rules ..." [6]depending on the type of use, degree of contamination of an open drainage system and the degree of possibility of mixing and dilution with water, mine water ponds, rivers in the area from place of issue of the estimated alignment.

To date, the following steps:
- identify areas of mine water to the core objectives of water use: industrial (technical) and drinking;
- studied the eligibility of mine water for drinking and industrial water supply;
- the conditions of formation used in mine water;
- formulate general and specific requirements for spending and the quality of treated and disinfected mine water for water supply;
- to formulate technological approach to the preparation of mine water for water supply;
- defined the main direction of lightening mine water RDT on the ground by direct filtration;
- select a filter type, with an upward flow of treated water and use the contact coagulation;
- carried out simulations of artificial mine water;
- updated preliminary laboratory studies the filtering process of artificial mine water on the models contact clarifier with a sand and gravel load supporting layer and bezgraviynoy load;
- he conditions for ensuring optimal filter.

The next step to implement the following steps:

- investigation and calculation of parameters of the contact clarifier (filter);
- select the method of sludge treatment (centrifugation, using slurry tank), the calculation of the equipment selected option;
- justification option reagent economy (with the joint use of coagulant and flocculant, use only one of the reactants);
- clarification of the treatment plant flowsheet and dimensioning of auxiliary equipment averager, mixer, air, etc.);
- assessment of the feasibility of using treated mine water for personal needs of mine, and related enterprises;
- formation of the proposals on the organization of sanitary protection industry mines, used as sources of supply;
- definition of cost-effectiveness of the proposed technological scheme;
- development of labor protection.

The result of this work is to reduce the industrial impact of mine production in the hydrosphere OPS, as well as conservation of freshwater resources by preventing the dumping of excess volume of contaminated mine water. The advantage of filtering is that even in the reagentless mode, it can be used to remove RDT varying dispersion, including colloidal particles. Thus the proposed method of cleaning fluid filtration can significantly and fairly easy to solve technical problems posed at the lowest cost for its implementation.

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