Источник:
Донецкий каменноугольный бассейн (Донбасс)
The Donetsk coal pool was opened in 1720th. The industrial mastering began from the end of XIX age. Area about 60 thousand square kilometres. Total supplies to the depth 1800 mcodes are 140,8 milliards of tons. There are to 300 layers in the uglenosnoy layer of coal age; middle power of workings layers 0,6-1,2 m. Coals stone brands of D — T (78 %), antracity (22 %). Basic centers of booty are Donetsk, Krasnoarmeysk, Makeevka, Lisichansk, Gorlovka et al. The Donetsk coal pool is the basic fuel and energy base of central and Sonth districts of Ukraine (Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Lugansk an area), and also to Russian Federation (Rostov obl.).
Interesting and the very beautiful version of geological the pas of our edge is expounded in a reference book on Ekaterininskoy to the railway for 1912, kept in the library of record office of the Donetsk area. A version says of that the Donetsk coal pool appeared on bays and estuaries a long ago non-existent sea. This sea occupied all east half of European and western half of Asiatic Russia, divided between them the continuous array of the Ural backbone and embedding westward the narrow, strongly prolate Donetsk bay in a mainland.
As monuments of a long ago disappearing sea were saved to our epoch comparatively small reservoirs, gap-filling salt water - exterminating Caspian and aral Sea. In taking off all clothes places the powerful layer of limestone appeared from dwellings on the day of sea of shells. Seashores were covered a magnificent vegetation, incident to the coal period: sigillyariyami, by horse-tails, ferns, lepidodendronami and calamites. Tailings of these plants, coverings the bottom of shallow bay, were alternated with sand and silt, began to rot and as a result of decay, proceeding millennium, grew into peat, anthracite coal and anthracite. From ghats, cuttings locality, in course of time there are only their wide grounds as ridges. Most considerable from them is the so-called "main break" or Donetsk ridge. The Donetsk coal pool takes place in the bend of the river Severskiy Donec, which gave the name of this locality.
About existence of coal beds it knew a local population since olden times. The Russian scientific academician Gel'mersen wrote: "We will not make a mistake, if will suppose that anthracite coal was known in these places on the Donetsk ridge long before times of Peter I, because in treeless edges he goes out outside in numberless many places, in addition, rains and snow waters annually open in ravines (beams) the new layers of anthracite coal, closed the made drunk soil"
In 1696, returning from the first Azovskogo hike, Peter I meets with Donetsk anthracite coal. During rest on the riverside Kal'miusa the piece of black, well conflagrant mineral was rotined a tsar. "This mineral, if to not us, to the descendants our zelo useful will be" - Peter said. By the first historical document about opening of anthracite coal in Donbasse there is nominal Decree of Peter I from December, 7, 1722.
In 1719 during reorganization of state administration in place of the liquidated Order of miner businesses a Berg-college, knowing mining and metallurgical industry, and also secret services of ores, was created. A Berg-college organized the row of expeditions for the search of minerals. Osen'yu of 1721 year for the inspection of beds of ores and minerals in districts, located talented rudoznatec Grigory Grigory Kapustin drove out on stream of Don and Severskogo Donca. On November, 25 he arrived in a cossack cossack village Cherkassk and began the inspection of banks of the small river of Kondruch'ey, inflowing on the right to Severskiy Donec. At the beginning of December, 1721 he opened coal not far from real Mine of the Rostov area, and then coal was found in the natural boundary of Skelevatom, in a 30 km from Bakhmuta (Artemovsk). In 1724 grammes near Bakhmuta mining was already conducted, 150 miners worked. Coal went to the smithies of saltern factory.
After death Peter I in 1725 a mountain department almost on two decades halted secret service of anthracite coal in Donbasse. Mining in Bakhmute was halted. The industrial mining began to develop only at the end of VIII age. At the end of 90th simultaneously with building of the Lugansk casting factory mortgaged for his necessities and the first public mines. After these public mineries there are developments of sole proprietors on territory of the present Donetsk area - squires and sittings on public earths state peasants and cossacks begin to be engaged in mining.
So, in Bakhmutskom district, on the summer residences of public village Zaycevo, from 1800 to 1820 peasants are mine coals not only for needs but also for a sale. Quite a bit peasant mines, opened yet to 1820 year of,deystvovalo in with operated in a village Aleksandrovke. On the peasant mines of Nikito-Zaycevskogo of deposit of Bakhmutskogo of district the 250 thousand poods of coal were annually obtained.
A mining method was uttery primitive. Shovel, hack, hammer, hand collar with a rope and koshelka for getting up of coal - here and all in-use here technique. Peasant mines-pipes were not deeper 25 m. At the end of 1830th their annual capacity was evened 20000 poods.
In 1837 mine coal in 13 places of the present Donetsk area - in the district of Selidovo, Scherbinovki, Nikitovki and other However small the coal mining was and increased slowly. If 855,4 thousands of poods of coal were obtained in 1839, in 1850 only little more than 1 million poods. In 60th of Xixv. the first capitalist coal mines are mortgaged. One of them was Gorlovskaya (a mine is "Stokehold"), erected in 1867.
In 1871 was here stopped up "Korsunskaya # 1", on which in 1879 more than thousand workers worked and the 3,6 million poods of coal were obtained. In the fund of the Donetsk province executive committee of Advice of workers, peasant and red army soldier deputies there is an interesting document "About cognition of the Donetsk pool", exposing before us the names of the first researchers of coal riches of our edge, continuing the glorious undertaking of the earliest explorer Grigory Grigory Kapustina.
In 1794 a prince Potemkin sent on an assignment for the inspection of the Donetsk pool of England Geskoyna, which found the prospects of pool "brilliant". In 1829 a mountain engineer E.P.Kovalevskiy gave description of pool, overcoming an area to 18000 versts and supplied the first geological map of edge, which included 25 deposits of coal. A term is first used them the "Donetsk ridge", direction of this ridge is traced, I.e. bases of study of tectonics of the Donetsk pool are fixed.
By a large step forward on business of research of the Donetsk pool in 1837-1839 there were labours of mountain engineer, professor of Parisian mountain school Le-Ple. Published them in 1843 in Paris a book was the first systematic research all Donbass, and a geological map, attached to it, first overcame all field of the continuous baring of coal deposits in the Donetsk pool. Paleontology material, collected the expedition of Le-Ple, allowed him to compare Donetsk coal deposits with the analogical deposits of Western Europe.
From 60th of XIX v. coal industry of the Donetsk pool in connection with building of railways began quickly to develop. Railways were the very large centralized user of anthracite coal. But value them for development of coal industry not limited to this. Building of railways demanded plenty of metal. And it generated the second large user of coal - metallurgical industry.
In 1869 England John Yuz got a concession on building of factory which was instrumental in converting of small industrial settlement into a city. There was the so-called period of "coal fever on 1868-1878". In these years numbers serve as an object-lesson of mining from labours of P.I.Fomina:1868-2967334 of poods, 1870 - 5078543 , 1872 grammes.-9048096, 1874 grammes.-14819713 pudov,1876 gramme.-20677348 poods, 1878 gramme.-25468084 poods.
As documents testify, the supplies of coal in Donbasse of beginning of ХХ age are so great, "that hardly added mastering and at their correct use on many years can serve the necessities of all domestic industry"