KOSTENKO Victor, SHAFOROSTOVA Maryna. Perfection of economic activities of the mining enterprises on the basis of the balanced technological, ecological and economic development. В статье предлогается решение существующих проблем экологии, экономики, организационных и финансовых механизмов управления в использовании недр и сдережении ресурсов на основе технологий комплексного использования недр.
Abstract: For the decision of
significant power problems in Ukraine it is offered to improve
ecological, economic, organizational and
financial mechanisms of management in using
of bowels
and savings
of resources on the
basis of technologies on complex use of
bowels (CUB) which introduction results in decrease
in
volatility of the
country and reception of ecology-economic benefit. The principle of
outstripping development of non-material actives before material is
proved
during development and realisation of technologies CUB.
Keywords:
cogenerating installations; complex use
of bowels (CUB); ecology-economic
benefit
Ecological
situation and
tendencies of its change in Ukraine in many respects are determined by
industrial production. Economic activities of the majority of the
enterprises
are characterized by high parameters resource consumption and, in
particular, nature
consumption.
Development
of manufacture
raises a material and
power exchange with an environment and results in negative influence on
it,
that is to a different sort to environmental problems. The decision of
these
problems causes additional financial charges and, finally, finds
illumination
in economic parameters of development of the state. As a rule, the
increase in
a total internal product is accompanied by increase in consumption of
energy.
The average indicate of power consumption in the industry of the
advanced
countries of the world makes 0,34. The majority of the countries by
introduction modern technologies of savings resources and the equipment
constantly reduce the given parameter. And in Ukraine it exceeds
average in 2,6
times. Last years the positive tendency to reduction in the given
parameter is
observed, however it remains high enough (0,86), that puts economy of
our
country in power dependence on changes of the prices for fuel in the
world
market through insufficient maintenance with some kinds of own fuel
resources.
So, for example, in fuel
balance of our
country natural gas occupies 40 %, while in Europe – up to 25
%.
Stocks of
natural gas in Ukraine are insufficient for maintenance of requirements
of a
national economy, and cost of the imported gas every year increases.
The
principal cause of a high
parameter
of
power
consumption
In
conditions of economic
instability it is very
difficult to interest a management of the enterprises in investment of
financial assets in the savings of resources and reduction in
volatility.
Besides a parameter of efficiency of expenses for actions on rational
use of
natural resources and decrease in ecological damage, as a rule, rather
low. In
the majority these actions in general economically are not profitable
even in
long-term prospect, and their realization is effective only from the
ecological
and social side.
Thus,
urgent necessity for
development and
introduction of the technologies capable considerably to lower
volatility of
the enterprise from external sources of power supply with simultaneous
reduction of negative influence of industrial activity on surrounding
natural
environment has ripened.
The
urgency of development and
introduction of such technologies at a micro level and in a branch
section confirmed
result of the introduction. The
problematic of the given
research mentions some areas of scientific knowledge. Questions of
ecological
and economic orientation of
Necessity
of carrying out of a
complex estimation of ecological and economic parameters of the savings
of
resources is proved in works of the following authors: Balatsky A.,
Blavdzevich
A., Breslavtsev A.V., Konishcheva N., Prahovnik A., Sotnik I., etc. [2,3,15,16,20].
As a
rule, different authors
make accents on
separate aspects of activity on maintenance with resources of the
enterprises
for realization of economic activities, and also under the savings of
resources
- on ecological, economic or technological. Besides the insignificant
attention
is given social aspect of the given problem. Therefore the complex
approach to
the decision of the above-named problem is necessary. We shall consider
it by
the example of mining sector of economy of Ukraine.
Research problems are: formation of directions of perfection of economic activities of the enterprises of mining branch in view of principles of the balanced technological, ecological and economic development; definition of the maintenance and sphere of application ecologically safe and power savings technologies of use of resources of bowels on the basis of the complex approach; development of functions of the economic - financial mechanism of the government in sphere of using bowels.
On
economically advanced and
less developed countries it is necessary approximately 540 billion tons
of
conditional fuel, including 2/3 of them makes coal. In structure of
fuel and energy
balance of the world economy coal makes 31 %. In 1990th years
consumption of
coal in the world made more than 2,3 billion tons one year. Though it
is much
more than coal (67 %), than oil (18 %) and natural gas (15 %), its
stocks are
not boundless. Under forecasts of stocks of coal should suffice for 420
years
but if consumption will grow present rates they will not suffice and
for 200 years
[19].
In
Ukraine now coal, despite
of its high cost price, it is necessary to consider as a strategic
resource which
use considerably reduces power dependence of a national economy on state-exporter
energy resource –
the part of coal in power
supply of the country makes from 65 up to 90 %. For Ukraine use of coal
is the
optimal way for satisfaction of requirement for energy carriers for the
industry in view of stocks of this useful mineral (the general
–
117,3 billion
tons of which 6,5 billion tons makes industrial stocks on working
mines) and
significant changes in the price for natural gas in the world market
[7]. Last
years in the country the tendency to decrease in volumes of its
extraction is
observed – since 1990 for 2008 the coal mining has decreased more,
than twice (tab.
1).
Table 1
The coal mining in
Ukraine (on the data the
Ministry of the coal industry)
| Volume
of a coal mining, |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
|
Coked |
32,617 |
30,145 |
28,489 |
26,637 |
|
Power |
45,393 |
50,112 |
47,065 |
51,018 |
It is
caused by significant
deterioration of the mine equipment (about 80 %), that results in
backlog in preparation
new clearing working faces and start-up of new lavas. Use of the worn
out
equipment promotes increase of breakdown susceptibility and an
industrial
traumatism, and also brings to ruin miners. The state every year
increases the
financial help to the mining enterprises. By results of audit of
Accounting
chamber of Ukraine amount of public funds what to fall to 1 ton of
extracted
coal, in 2007 made 36,7 grn., and to 2008 it has been planned at a
level 42,6
grn. (in the state budget of Ukraine for this purpose it has been
incorporated
more than 3,8 billion grn.)
[19].
Despite
of budgetary grants,
the
coal branch remains in crisis position. Financial grants are used
inefficiently
– the state investments do not go on construction of new
mines
and purchase of
the high-tech
equipment.
Except
for problems with a
coal mining, the tendency to reduction in its quality is marked
–
ash content power
coal makes 40 %, and the international norm is equaled 25 %. If to
recalculate
the extracted coal in view of the world standards to a parameter ash
content it
is possible to speak about decrease in volumes of extraction on 12-14 %.
Thus,
the tendency to
reduction in volumes of a coal mining and, accordingly, to increase of
deficiency of the given kind of fuel is traced. There is a necessity
for use of
other kinds of mineral fuel (gas, black oil, oil), biofuel, and also in
transition to non-polluting kinds of energy, such, as solar,
geothermal, a wind
power, etc.
The first stage on a way to rational use of mineral fuel, in our opinion, is transition from traditional manufacture of energy and heat (fig. 1а) to use cogenerating installations.
Apparently
from figure, at use
cogenerating installations are reduced volumes of received heat,
however the
common efficiency volumes of necessary heat for processing fuel
increase
considerably and reduced. It is necessary to note, that as fuel thus it
is used
its not so traditional kinds, and mine
methane, that
considerably reduces
the cost price of production and rendered ecological damage. Besides
the
additional income of realization of power resources after satisfaction
of own
needs of the enterprise takes place [17–18].
The
following aspect,
demanding more steadfast attention on the part of scientists and
experts, use
of technologies on underground gasification of coal (UGC), unduly
forgotten
after significant researches the last century and received then a
scientific
recognition is. Such large research establishments as Moscow scientific
research institute «VNIIpodzemgaz», state project
institute
«Gspropodzemgaz» (Donetsk),
the Moscow state mining university were engaged in development of
technology.
Today in our volatile country there is no enterprise on gasification of
coal.
While the large coal-mining countries of the world began to show
actively
interest to UGC. In Austria in 2003 the large enterprise of the given
structure
has been constructed, and in China for last years 10 industrial
stations PGU
are constructed. Show interest to the given technology in India, the
Korean
national democratic republic, South Korea.
By
predicted estimations of
the National academy of sciences of Ukraine, in our bowels lie tens
billions
tons low-grade and extrabalance coal, which at realization of
underground
gasification quite would suffice to provide the country with energy
more than
for 100 years. The technology of underground gasification of coal
consists in
burning coal directly on its place залегания. And
the generating gas
formed at it moves on a chink on a surface. It can be used for the
power
purposes - manufactures of the electric power, pair, hot water.
In
11 areas of Ukraine it is
located 156 sites satisfying criteria of mіnіng-geological conditions
of gasification of coal
layers about 20 billion of tons of stocks of coal, from them 27 sites
are in
Donetsk area with stocks 2,5 billion tons. Besides the scientific and
technical
potential available in the country allows to organize own manufacture
corresponding installations of gasification. According to the
National academy of sciences of Ukraine in institute of geology and
geochemistry of combustible minerals already there are solid operating
time on
creation of technologies of ground and underground gasification of coal
[11]. During
spent re-structuring
the coal
industry in Ukraine on this technological decision it is necessary to
pay
steadfast attention, taking into account a significant amount of the
left
non-working layers. Restoration of industrial activity for completion
of these
layers by usual way economically is not effective, and carrying out of
underground gasification will allow to receive ecological and economic
benefit.
But the
most important with ours
of sight is transition to complex use of bowels. Today, emphasizing on
a coal
mining, we disregard other resources which can be used simultaneously
or after
extraction of a useful mineral. And in the given approach are
incorporated
significant ecological, social and economic benefits for the
enterprises of
branch. Introduction of technologies on complex use of bowels (CUB)
allows to
receive to the enterprise the additional income of nonbasic activity,
to lower
the cost price of extracted coal and to reduce negative influence by
surrounding natural environment [10,17,18,21].
At the
enterprises of mining
branch as a result of introduction of technologies CUB it is possible
to
receive the following kinds of additional production:
·
geothermal
energy of bowels;
·
methane (for
use in systems
cogeneration);
·
waste
products of manufacture, especially breed (as raw
material in
building sphere);
·
valuable
both rare minerals and gases;
·
advanced
from coal gas, a floor coke, pitches;
·
the
cleared mine waters, etc.
It
is necessary to note, that technologically suggested decisions are
proved full
enough. Problem there are questions of legal, economic and financial
character
which in the greater degree depend on efficiency of functioning of a
machinery
of government of management of use of bowels.
During
development and introduction of technologies CUB outstripping
development of
non-material actives before material is necessary. For
such direction of activity as
complex use of bowels of the most
powerful
is an innovative component. This field of activity basically uses
material
actives of the mining enterprises already created earlier (machines,
the
equipment,
tools). As to an innovative
direction of this activity it requires in application high technology
and
technologies of savings resources which are non-material actives (НMА). But
that these technologies
effectively worked first of all it is necessary highly skilled experts
and the
intellectual property in sphere CUB. It is necessary to speak any more
about НМА, and to
use wider concept
«
the intellectual capital » (IC). If the enterprise
successfully
shows the IC and
proves, that in it is necessary to put means, despite of absence
arrived in
short-term prospect the company will be attractive to investors.
Introduction
of technologies CUB requires significant investments and consequently
the
investor should own the information be relative IC the enterprises.
For
maintenance of the state control over use created due to public funds
of
scientific and technical production and objects of the intellectual
property it
is necessary to develop the automated system for the account of their
movement
in the internal and external markets that will allow to generate the
state
monitoring system behind the economic manipulation of results of
scientific and
technical activity in sphere of wildlife management, as a whole, and in
sphere of
use of bowels, in particular. As
stimulus
for the enterprises for introduction of technologies CUB it is
necessary to
consider various fiscal methods, including tax privileges for such
subjects of
economic activities. It is necessary to make changes to the order of
the
taxation of the profit of the mining enterprises and to improve
mechanisms of
formation of their financial and statistical reporting.
Today
to speak about mines as about attractive objects for investment it is
rather
difficult. However, if to consider mine not only as the enterprise on a
coal
mining but also as a source of reception of additional energy, rare and
valuable metals, gases, and also the cleared water then it is possible
and it is
necessary to speak about investment appeal of the enterprises of the
mining
industry. In this case the investor will be confident in stable
reception of
the profit. Thus it is necessary to note, that operation of
technologies CUB
will bring to the investor though and not "fast" dividends, but in
long enough period of time and even after a conclusion of mine from
economic
activities. So, after working off of layers the produced space is
possible for
using as a source of geothermal energy without restriction in time [9–14].
Mine
water which pump out
from the
closed mine, it is possible to use as the heat-carrier or to clear and
direct
for household needs. Thus, extraction from bowels of various resources,
except
for coal, and their use for own needs or realization to other consumers
enables
the enterprise to reduce considerably the cost price of end production
and to
receive the additional income. Thus the economy on capital expenses for
introduction of technologies CUB will be significant in view of an
opportunity
of use of already existing basic industrial means of the enterprises
(after
modernization). Besides the current expenses will be reduced due to
economy of
means for purchase of power resources for maintenance of economic
activities of
the enterprise [18–21].
As
to the structural capital for the state creation of a databank of
technologies
CUB and information on the patents received in this field of activity
is
important. The information should be accessible to the enterprises of
mining
branch and potential investors. Thus it is necessary for state to
develop
system of maintenance of the property right to innovative technologies
and
inventions in view of the economic interest. As to instructions and
techniques
of work in this field of activity it also is the competence of the
state on
behalf of the specialized ministries and departments.
The
decision of a problem of the savings of
energy is
impossible in that economic system in which there is no support on the
part of
the state. In other words, perfection of existing mechanisms of the
government
in sphere of realization power savings projects is necessary on the
basis of
development of new technological, organizational-economic and financial
tools.
Already today in the advanced countries by means of such tools those
enterprises which introduce power savings projects are based on the
state. In
Ukraine such mechanism while is absent and, it is necessary to note, it
will
1.
To give
privileges under the profit tax to those
enterprises which will
introduce technologies on complex use of bowels. The privilege should
be
essential (less than the rate of the tax existing today (25 %)
approximately
twice) and to be given for concrete term (or for the term of a
recoupment of
the project, or for longer term depending on introduced technological
decisions).
2.
With the
purpose of significant decrease in capital
expenses for purchase
of the necessary equipment it is necessary to abolish duties at import
of the
given equipment and the value-added tax to it.
3.
Except
for fiscal methods it is necessary to develop the
effective
mechanism of bank crediting of the enterprises which have intentions
concerning
introduction of technologies CUB. That is, credit rates which are
offered by
domestic banks, should take into account a special-purpose designation
of the
credit - in case of use of means for purchase of technologies and the
equipment
on complex use of bowels to give preferential credit rates and
conditions of
crediting. During development of this mechanism it is necessarily
necessary to
take into account, that credit privileges are especially important for
the
enterprises of mining branch and they, in view of their strategic value
for the
country, require in additional attention on the part of the state.
4.
Also it
is counted possible and expedient to develop an
organizational -
legal mechanism of use of means from budgetary ecological funds as
introduction
of technologies CUB will allow to receive significant ecological
effect. These
means can be directed on target financing or to consider as granting of
the
ecological credit on the part of the state with the help of its
financial
establishments.
5.
During
development of toolkit of
ecological, economic and
organizational
and financial mechanisms of the government in sphere of complex use of
bowels
it is necessary to turn special
attention to observance of a principle
about
outstripping development of non-material actives before material.
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