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Abstract

Content

Introduction

Nowadays, in the developed countries is very widely used suspended monorail transport. With his help solve the problems above-ground isolation of traffic. Foreign and domestic experience has shown successful results in the application of of monorail transport not only as overhead, but also as an underground. When operating in the mine of monorail transport problems are resolved or simplified to transport people and support materials to develop. A particular advantage is the practicality of use and safety.

There are two monorail system: the cable car and locomotive traction. Of these, preference should be given to the second as it provides a very high safety. Also, when using roads with cable traction problems arise opportunities to work on branched lines and long-haul transport.

1. History monorail

First monorail in the world was in 1820 in Russia. Then the villager Myachkovo in Moscow Ivan Elman built the "road on pillars" – the top of rail rolling trolley pulled by a horse. A little later, regardless of the Russian inventor, monorail similar design was invented in the UK by Henry Robinson Palmer. He patented his invention of November 22, 1821. In 1824, the UK was built the first functioning monorail. It was used at the naval shipyard solely for the carriage of goods. The first passenger monorail in the world was opened June 25, 1825.

After doing this for about half a century, is nothing new in the field of building monorail happened. Attempts to create a workable monorail, now steam-powered, resumed at the end of XIX century. It is known that in 1872, at the Polytechnic Exhibition in Moscow demonstrated the monorail station design engineer Lyarsky.

So at the end of XIX century, the monorail was a frequent guest on variety shows. In 1872, the monorail on the cable-drawn demonstrated in Lyon, 1891 in St. Louis demonstrated monorail with cars like the tram.

At the same time, the creation of effective, workable monorail was much more difficult. In the XIX century there was a huge number of designs created by the monorail, but most of them have remained on paper, and those that have been implemented, did not differ longevity. In 1878, began to operate steam monorail connecting Bradford and Gilmore (PA). Its length is 6.4 km. This monorail was created for transportation of industrial equipment, but it also carried passengers. Bradfordsky monorail was closed shortly after the happened January 27, 1879 a serious accident that killed monorail driver and three passengers.

With the development of electrical engineering at the monorail began to use the electric drive. One of the first electric monorails, known as the Enos Electric Railway, was built in 1887 in Greenville, New Jersey.

As indicated above, despite an active search, a monorail that can be a full vehicle in the XIX century and failed. The only successful monorail that era – built in Ireland in 1888, a monorail connecting the Ballibunion and Listowel. It existed until 1924. However, the spread of this design is not received.

First monorail horse-drawn were suspended. Steam monorails were kind polupodvesnuyu design: composition relied on the support rail provides lateral stability of the guide rails. Transverse section of the road looked like the letter "A", which corresponds to the highest point of the supporting rail, and the connection point and the sides of the cross bar – guides. With the advent of electric monorails was again used suspension layout.

However offered and more unusual designs. In 1894, the United States was built monorail Boynton Unicycle Railway. On this road train was based on a single carrier rail is held on top of a wooden rail supports. The main drawback of such a road was that bends due to inertia ("centrifugal force") acting on the supporting rail high forces.

At the end of XIX century there supporting monorails. In 1886, the United States was built by experienced this type of monorail, Meigs Monorail, but in those days the spread has not received such a design. Appeared in Captain America Meigs system is composed of two rails, one above the other vertically and supported by metal columns. At the base of this system is the idea of concentrating all the pressure transmitted to the path of the rolling stock, in the center line of the train. Each car is resting on a pair of bogies, supported by two horizontal guide wheels and four-wheel lean, with a wedge-shaped grooves on the rim. The last two rolling tracks of square cross section attached to the bottom chords of lattice girders forming the lower track structure. Horizontal locomotive wheels are, however, for the transfer movement, and because these wheels to increase the pressure, special arrangements are pressed to the rails.

1.1 Monorail transport – is primarily a safety

In our time, began to actively innovate to ensure safe operation of miners. The introduction of light rail transport has allowed to reduce the amount of manual labor haul jobs, reduce injuries associated with congestion, tow hitch rolling stock maneuvers on turnout, the cliffs of the rope, a gathering of transport vessels to the track, to solve the problem of delivering people to the place of work and back to to the surface. From the movement of people in mine workings monorail, subject to a clear timetable for delivery, now working there is no need to walk or ride on vehicles that are not designed to carry people. Application monorail locomotive in mounting cameras allowed to reduce the time and reduce the complexity of installation and dismantling.

The Monorail – a transport system in which cars move along the beam monorail-mounted on separate poles or overpass. However, this definition is too vague. Really monorails are divided into a number of very specific varieties, the total between them – only monorail.

1.2 Cableway is designed for the transport of materials and people in mining workings

Mine working may be to build in a rock bolting with concrete, block, brick, or anchor, but more often arched.

On monorail can be transported compositions, drawn traction device with actuator or with a public or endless rope and winch.

Overhead conveyors can be used in environments involving hazards of methane and coal dust.

Figure 1 – The scheme of movement of monorail

Figure 1 – The scheme of movement of monorail
(Animation: 6 frames, 8 cycles of repetition)

2. Actuality of theme

The theme of the monorails, in particular the locomotives is one of the most common, developing those reports, studies and research in our time. Monorails play an important role in the development of the mining industry around the world. But not all countries can adopt the latest installation in the industry, and the entire system has many flaws. If you do not develop and improve the performance of operation of this type of transport is losing its value, it will be forgotten. A lot of scientists have made the most valuable contribution to the development of light rail transport. Some of them are: Khim. tehn. Science V.S. Bersenev, PhD. tehn. Sciences L.I. Ayzenshtok, A.S. Vetkin, L.G. Zheltukhin, V.N. Grigoriev, V.V. Boukhanovsky other. The most detailed results of research on creating and railcars are in the works of V.S. Berseneva. The main direction of the work of A.S. Vetkina was the research process of inscribing the rolling stock. These patterns can not be used to determine parameters of traction devices, as they relate to the trailing part of the composition. It should be noted that, despite the large number of publications devoted to the establishment and railcars, published in the Soviet and foreign literature, there is no specific methodology to uniquely define the basic parameters of monorails. The first attempts to synthesize these issues belong to V.N. Grigoriev. Based on extensive research they identified the main structural systems of traction devices are defined rational application of monorails, issues influence the design features monorail locomotive motion parameters of a possible train speed and sufficient capacity of the locomotive, as well as the method of controlling the drive.

In our country, since 60 years, the development of monorail vehicles for coal mines engaged in a number of research organizations, among which should be noted Hydrocoal, Giprouglegormash, Dongiprouglemash, IGD them. A.A. Skochinskogo, MakSRI, NPO "Uglemehanizatsiya", etc.

3. Research of parametres the traction device of monorail suspended road

3.1 Mathematical model of movement

Movement of the locomotive on overhead rail traffic is carried on the directed path (rail) and in most cases in mines is a movement in the wheel-rail system.

In order to obtain the equation of motion of the train, it is necessary to take the following location axes: the axis XX – horizontal, along the axis of the rail, the axis YY – the vertical, upward, and ZZ horizontal axis perpendicular to the axis XX and directed to the right. Consider the train as a material point located at the center of its gravity.

Figure 2 shows a diagram of the train and suspension forces acting on it. Point O1 and O2 – the center of gravity and aerodynamic trains center of pressure, respectively. The origin is at O.

Figure 2 – Diagram of the train and suspension forces acting on it: 1 – rail; 2 – trailer; 3 – wagons

Figure 2 – Diagram of the train and suspension forces acting on it:
1 – rail; 2 – trailer; 3 – wagons

In general, when a train of mass m moving in a straight line on it are some of the forces:

Vertical and horizontal reaction force on the rail not shown in Figure 1. When driving on a curve on a train centrifugal force mv^2/r, directed along the axis ZZ from the point of application O1.

If the angle the way to the horizon (alfa> 0), the weight of the train is decomposed into two components: G axis XX and G, perpendicular to the axis XX down.

Projecting all forces on the axis XX (direction), we obtain the basic equation of motion of the train:

formula (1) (1)

where gamma – coefficient taking into account the inertia of the rotating masses of the rolling stock;
s – the path of the train in the direction of the axis XX, m;
t – time, s;
sign "+" corresponds to the forces in the direction of the train.

To determine the components of equation 1, we consider the energy component processes traction. To do this, we write the expression for mechanical work at a small gap ds in traction mode:

formula (2) (2)

where A – mechanical work train locomotive with a warehouse, J;
Wk – impedance of the movement of the train, N;
dE – incremental kinetic energy of the movement of the train, J.

For coasts, where the work forces of resistance is due to the decrease of the kinetic energy

formula (3) (3)

In braking mode additional kinetic energy losses occur in the train braking devices:

formula (4) (4)

where Bt – the braking force of the train, N.

From (2), (3) and (4) can be rewritten for the general case of formula:

formula (5) (5)

The value of the impedance includes primary and secondary. Additional includes components which are dependent on: the construction of a moving, the state of the ambient parameters false path. Thus, the impedance value can be written as:

formula (6) (6)

The increase of the kinetic energy is only a target weight of the train, which does not change during the trip, and the speed of its movement. The speed depends on the ratio of the work of the tractive force, resistance, and braking. The operation of each component of the equation (5) suffer changes that can be evaluated by means of correction coefficients, which are defined as the ratio of the actual value of the work and the calculated values. Then equation (5) can be written as:

formula (7) (7)

where kf,kw,kb – koefitsienty change of traction, respectively, the resistance forces and braking forces train.

Consider the component that takes into account the additional resistance force on the plan and profile path:

formula (8) (8)

where i – escarpment slope profile gauge, ‰.

Hence, with the formula 7 we find the escarpment slope section of the path length ds:

formula (9) (9)

Resistance force and braking are defined by the relevant unit of force, depending on the speed of:

formula (10) (10)
formula (11) (11)

where w0 – specific resistance force of the locomotive and composition, respectively, N/kN;
bt – specific braking force, N/kN;
P, Q – weight of the locomotive and storage, respectively, t.

Increase the kinetic energy of motion when the speed of vn to vk over a distance ds determined by the formula:

formula (12) (12)

Pulling force on the drive wheels can be found from the expression:

formula (13) (13)

where Me – torque on the motor shaft ustanovivshemsyarezhime, kNm;
n – cardinality ratio of losses;
Up – gear ratio transmission traction device;
D – diameter of the drive wheels, m.

To move the locomotive at a constant velocity along a straight section of a journey to overcome the resistance movement of the train. The maximum force on the drive wheels of the towing device must be:

formula (14) (14)

where m – mass of cargo, t;
m0 – tare weight of the trailer trains, including the weight of containers, pallets and drawbars, t;
g – acceleration of gravity, m/s^2;
beta – angle monorail, hail;
M – mass of the locomotive, t;
W'– the coefficient of resistance to the motion of wheels trailer with a load of the train;
Wl,Wk – coefficients of resistance to movement of running and the drive wheels of the locomotive, respectively;
Zk – number of pairs of driving wheels (drive modules);
P – total force pressing a pair of drive wheels, kN.

Addition to that defined by equation (14) the maximum force on the drive wheels do not exceed the strength of coupling, which is considered to be equal:

formula (15) (15)

where psi – coefficient of friction of the drive wheels with a monorail.

From (14) and (15) that the limit value of cargo can be found on the steady-state equation

formula (16) (16)

Included in this equation coefficients psi, W', Wl,Wk are empirical. We consider the steady state because the inertia characteristic of the transient regime are negligible compared to the forces of static resistance, because of low velocities and railcars in mines.

The resulting equation (16) relates the three variables: the allowable load weight for traction conditions of the drive wheels with a monorail, the angle of monorail track and the contact pressure of the drive wheels.

Air resistance movement of the larger, higher speed and greater frontal area of the composition. Wb force of air resistance also depends on the geometrical forms of the locomotive and trailer parts – streamlining. In the mining conditions the velocity of the air at airing generation vb, which moves on the composition. Moreover vb receives both positive and negative values, depending on the direction of movement relative to the direction of airflow.

Consequently, we can write an expression for determining the air resistance of the movement:

formula (17) (17)

where: S – frontal area, m^2;
v – speed of movement of the rolling stock, m/s;
k – coefficient of aerodynamics, Ns^2/m^4;
vb – air ventilation rate of output.



In writing this essay master's work is not complete. The final version of the work can be obtained from the author or the supervisor after December 2013.

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