Figure 1 - Diagram of producing a solid GeO2
(animation: 12 frames, 125 KB)

Thus, from the literature, the following factors are the concentration of germanium in coal:

1.Germanium content depends on the power of layers and grows in thin layers and thinning areas, with maximum absolute concentration values ??are confined to a thin sections of coal seams;

2.An inverse relationship between the germanium content and depth;

3.Main carrier of germanium in coal is gelefitsirovannoe substance;

4.Germanium concentration depends on the degree of reduction of coal: the less recovery gelefitsirovannoe substance, the more it is able to concentrate germanium.

2.2.Geological characteristics of the test field

Donetsk coal basin originated on the southern edge of the Russian Platform. In the coal-bearing strata lies 310 Donbass coal seams and pulley power, of which 95 layers are sediments of the Lower Carboniferous, 200 to the middle Carboniferous strata and 15 to Upper Carboniferous strata. The total amount of coal seams, reaches operating power, averages layers 120, including the lower carbon deposits occurs reservoir 29, the average carbon - 87 and in the upper layers of carbon - 4 formation. The pool is being developed 70 layers, including the different areas from 40 to 2 layers. Most of the coal seam (70%) has a complex structure. Have a simple structure seams to 0.6-0.7 meters. The layers of coal seams are mostly represented by shales. Power working on the Donbas coal seams varies widely: from 0.5 to 1.5-1.8 with an average power developed layers of 0.7-1 meters. Power of some coal seams reaches 2-2.5 meters, but it applies mainly to small areas or groups of mine fields. In the Donbas coal seams flat prevail. Cool layers deposited in the Central and Kadievskom areas and in some areas in other areas.

Donets Basin coals include a number of items that can not be extracted. In coal, the products of their enrichment and mine waters in the region has germanium in industrial concentrations. Climb its recovery - is one of the ways to improve the economic performance of the coal industry. Germanium is used in many industries and the demand is constantly increasing. Note that in the USSR coal is the main source of germanium. According to modern requirements germanium content in energy coals exceed 10 g / t (air-dry weight) in the coking - 3 g / t[9]

The study area of the Donets Basin - Donetsk-Makeevskiy carboniferous area, mine "October mine." Described area is located in central Donetsk-Makeevka geological and industrial district. According to the administrative division, this area is part of the Kuibyshev district, the city of Donetsk, Donetsk region of Ukraine. Geographical location of mines and mine fields defined geographical coordinates: 48 ° 04 east longitude and latitude.

In geological and tectonic relation estimated area is located in the southern part of the basin Toretskoy Kalmius-in hanging wall of the thrust fault between the French and the thrust axis Koksovaya Vetka flexures. Territory "the October Mine" is located on the watershed Kalmius in the east and in the west of the Wolf. The first takes place at a distance of 3.0-3.5 km from the site, the second 8.0-9.0 km. The surface area of exploration is a slightly inclined steppe space divided beams and valleys flowing into them spurs and ravines.

Total depressions observed in a northwesterly direction to the valley-beams Verbovoy. Maximum surface marks 240.0 m located in the lower part of the plot, 800 m northwest of the mine number 10bis, minimum 180 m - in the valley beams Verbovoy. Thus, the oscillation amplitude of the absolute surface elevations within the site is 60 m main morphological unit area is Verbovaya beam entering the system p. Wolf. It takes its origin from the mine number 10 bis and extends from the south-east to north-west.

stratigraphy

Formation С₂⁷ - Gorlovskaya

Formation sediments С₂⁷ studied in detail, both in mining operations, and according to a large number of exploration wells.

Lithological composition Formation sediments characterized by the following average value species:

argillaceous shales - 39,0-42,6%   sandy shale - 26,0-35,6% sandstones - 23,6-29, 2% coals - 0.80-0.90% Limestone - 0,90-1,30%.

In Formation sediments significantly dominated shales, smaller distribution has sandy shales and sandstones, subordinate significance belongs coals (seans m₄¹ end m₃) and limestones.

m₄¹- pack capacity 0.45-0.55, unevenness, there is both simple and complex (mostly 2x burst) structure.

m₃- relatively Braves capacity 1,07-1,70, notes and simple and complex (mostly 2x burst) structure.

Formation С₂⁶ - diamond

Formation sediments within the described area studied in detail according to a large number of wells and a broad front mining. Formation sediments С₂⁶ characterized by widespread sandstones, well maintained on the whole area and increasing in power in places erosion of coal seams.

Value of the coal facies in the retinue C₂⁶ is particularly high compared to other productive suites Middle Carboniferous. lithological composition of sediments Formation is characterized by the following relation:

Sandy shale 25,9-39,6% Argillaceous shales - 24,0-25,0% Sandstones -32,6-45,1% Coals -2,4-2,6% Limestone - 1.4%

In terms of the suite made ??up to 16 layers of coal, of which 9 reach operating capacity: l₈¹ , l₈ , l₇¹, l₇, l₄,l₃, l₂¹,l₁^b, l₁ⁿ. The most stable of them are layers: l₈¹, l₄ и l₁ⁿ, widely developed-mines: № 10-бис end 13.

In terms of the suite pointed to 4 limestone, among which are the most stable L₇ end L₁ . Last reaches 4-5th. capacity.

l₈¹ end l₄are the most stable of his entourage.

Coalbed l₈¹, sustainable on a large stretch, with dvuhpachechnym structure and capacity 0,30-0,65 top 0,45-0,90 m - bottom packs. relatively restrained, and celebrated the simple and complex (mostly 2x burst) structure.

Coalbed l₈ – relatively stable, its capacity 0,10-0,79 m relatively restrained, simple structure.

Coalbed l₄ – one of the main reservoirs, develop a broad front mining, power it 0,61-1,79 m Aged, notes and simple and complex (mostly 2x burst) structure.

Coalbed l₃ capacity 0,40-0,90 m relatively restrained, simple structure.

l₁ⁿ- relatively restrained, 0.25-0.5 power pack, notes and simple and complex (mostly 2x burst) structure.

Formation С₂⁵ - Kamensky

Formation sediments С₂⁵ are lower horizon area being considered.

In terms of the suite plays a major role sandy facies, which is up to 75% of total deposits, 40% of which is sandstone.

Subordinate role shales. Coals occur as rare and narrow bands. The exception is the limestone K8 capacity reaches 4 m

The number of coal seams in the sediments reaches suites - 19, 9 of them: k₈, k₇,k₆¹, k₅¹, k₅, k₄²,k₄¹ ,k₄ end k₂² have more or less sustained operating power. Resistant layer is only k₈ others - unstable.

Stratum k₈ is a seasoned, whose power 0,64-1,23 m, simple structure.

Tectonics

On the area under consideration and mining operations boreholes identified a number of large and small disjunctive dislocations.

In the southwestern and western parts of the area developed, and Coke blind thrusts; in the neutral part of the area developed thrusts "Small", "A", Vetkovskiy 3 and a series of small thrusts identified by mining operations mined seam mines m₃ , l₈¹, l₈, l₇,l₄, l₁ и k₈ .In the eastern part of the area developed thrusts Abramovskij, Vetkovskiy, Vetkovskiy I », Vetkovskiy 2 and Semyonov.

Area "the October Mine" on all evaluated layers lies between Koksovaya thrust to the west and Abramovskikh Semenovsky and thrusts in the east, including the wings Vetka flexures and thrusts Vetkovskiy, Vetkovskiy 1 and 2 Vetkovskiy. Mine field on October minus 350-650 m horizons marked by small flexure deflection, where the angles of falling rocks replaced with 8-100 to 20-300.

Qualitative characteristics of layers and have a thickness and depth given in Table 1.

Table 1. Indicators of quality of working layers

2.3 Technique and results of experimental data processing

We have audited geological factors established by literary sources, the example of the distribution of germanium on the "October Mine" Donetsk-Makeevka coal-mining region of Donbass. Mine "October Mine" is a part of the production association "Donetskugol." Neighbors are mine them. ET ABAKUMOV, "Panfilov" to them. AF Zasyad'ko. Listed on the balance shaft layers: m₄¹, m₃, m₂, l₈¹, l₈, l₇¹, l₇, l₄, l₃, l₁ⁿ, k₈. Of them developed: m₃ и l₈¹.

For the study were taken layers m₄¹, m₃, l₈¹ , l₈, l₄, l₃, l₁ⁿ and k₈. Statistical evaluation of quality of these layers are shown in Figure 2. Elevated levels observed in germanium layers with a complex structure (m₄¹, m₃, l₈, l₁ⁿ). According to the average sulfur content of coal seams most low-sulfur and that of medium, except m₄¹ and k₈ (brand 2G), which are elevated sulfur. Sulfur in coal is presented sulfide, sulfate and organic varieties with a clear predominance of the first component.

The highest content of germanium is observed in the formation m₃ (power = 1.20). Lowest content of the reservoir l₁ⁿ (power = 0.60). Distribution of germanium with depth is not changed regularly.

A more detailed analysis of quality indicators was carried out for the formation k₈, the statistical characteristics are given below (Table 2).

Average germanium content in the layers is relatively small, but there are outliers of the high content of certain sampling locations, which may relate to tectonic disturbances in the western territory.

Table 2. Statistical characteristics of quality in reservoir k₈

Correlation analysis was carried to study the dependence between the germanium content and other indicators. Based on the calculation of the linear correlation coefficient was established significant negative relationship with the volatile components(V^daf) – -0,604

Maps of the distribution of germanium content (Fig. 4), ash content (Fig. 5), the yield of volatile components (Fig. 6), sulfur content (Fig. 7) and power (Fig. 8).

Figure 4 can be seen increasing the germanium content in reservoir k₈ in the northwest area, which may be associated with a diagonal thrust. And also in the southwest area near Koksovaya thrust. It is known that tectonic fractures increase the permeability of rocks, facilitating penetration of hydrothermal fluids. Obviously with this process and associated higher germanium content. With the same process responsible for the formation of sulfide sulfur in coal. Lowering germanium concentration in the east and north-east of the territory.

Figure 5 can be shown that the reservoir thickness increases in the northern and south-easterly direction. If we compare Figures 4 and 5 it can be noted that in the southwest area near Koksovaya thrust increased germanium content and seam thickness increases. Consequently, at the site of power and positive relationship germanium content.

In Figure 6, one can observe small concentrations of the ash content in the north-western and south-eastern part of the site. The highest concentrations are observed in the central part of the plot and reach the ash content equal to 14.4. Map matching and map ash content of germanium can say that there is an increase of germanium in areas with low ash content. This confirms the hypothesis of a link with the organic germanium part of coals. A negative relationship, but non-significant linear relationship, indicating that the complex dependencies between the form and content of germanium ash content. The study forms a subsequent challenge studies.

Map sulfur content (Fig. 7) can be observed an increase in the east of the site. Limit of 38. Established a non-significant negative association of sulfur and germanium content.

Figure 8 is observed increase in the yield of volatile components from the south-west to the north-eastern part of the site. Established a significant negative relationship between the content of germanium and volatile components.

Findings

1. Coal and mine fields of different formations formed under different conditions, which correspond to their stratigraphic position. In our case, this suite С₂⁶ – Diamond, Formation С₂⁵ – Kamensky and Sweet С₂⁷ - Gorlovskaya. We can say that in these conditions changed suites peat accumulation and intensity Prinos mineral impurities, rich germanium. Found that in the suite С₂⁷ пласт m₃ germanium content of 26.10 g / t the greatest maximum germanium content, as opposed to content in the suite С₂⁶ в пласте l₃ ,power is 11.87 g / m. In formations С₂⁵ in the reservoirk₈ maximum content was 9.0 g / t

2. Not established a significant linear relationship between the germanium content and seam thickness. But one can observe an increased content in the layers m₄¹, m₃, l₈¹, l₄ end l₁ⁿ which are generally complex 2-burst structure. Their maximum concentration is higher than in the layers with a simple structure. Furthermore, the maximum content of these layers are observed in the minimum power packs.

3. Organic component of coal coal expressed mark (D, GJ, F) and the presence of organic sulfur. Organic sulfur content ranges from 1.0 to 4.6. The highest content of organic sulfur is observed in layers m₄¹ (4,6) end k₈ (3,4). The presence of high content of organic sulfur in the strata with a high content of germanium germanium confirms the hypothesis hydrothermal mineralization.

4.A negative relationship with volatile components, which defines the relationship germanium content with the degree of metamorphism. Therefore increases with increasing metamorphic germanium content.

2.5 Expected results

Result of the recommendations will be integrated as much as possible the use of coal bed and coal mine field Donets Basin as a whole

2.6. List of References

1. Adamchuck IP, Sasina VN Pachadzhanov DN, Rumyantsev ZA Geochemical characteristics of brown coal vitrinite / / Math. Tajik Academy of Sciences. Otdel.fiz.-mat. and Geology. Sciences. - 1985. - № 3. - Pp. 42 - 47.
2. Basharkevich IL, Kostin YP, Meitei ES Average low content of chemical elements in fossil coals. / / VIII International Congress on Organic Geochemistry (Abstracts of Reports.). - Moscow, 1977. V.1. - S. 104 - 105.
3. Burlutskiy M. Laws of distribution of germanium concentration, depending on the quality characteristics of coal Lisichanskiy geological and industrial district. Min.resursy Ukraine, 2012
4. Vine JD Geology of uranium in rocks containing a substance coal series. M-. 1963. 77c. - (Reviews on specific problems / VIEMS; Vyp.Z).
5. Vernadsky Essays Geochemistry / / Selected Works, Moscow, USSR AI Publisher, 1954. - Vol.1. 694 p.
6. Vinogradov AP The average content in the main chemical types of igneous rocks of the Earth's crust / / Geochemistry. 1962. - № 7. - S. 555 - 571.
7. Shpirt MJ, Kleiman RJ, Scripcenco GB et al / Real and trace element composition of the mineral part of coal and overburden ON "VostSibUgol" / / Chemistry of solid fuel. 1994. - № 4-5. - S. 169 - 176.
8. Shpirt MJ Physico-chemical bases of processing germanium syrya. M: Metallurgiya.-1977.-264s.
9. OA Shevchenko, Y. Proskurnya. Germanium in coal and mine waters Donbass Coal of Ukraine 2001'11-12 /
10. Smirnov VI Geology of iskopaemyh. M: Nedra, 1969.-685s.
11. Pogrebitsky EO Some regularities of the distribution of germanium in the Donets Basin coals. - Moscow: Nedra, 1960. - 362.