Abstract

• Introduction
• 1. Aims of creation and kinds ASCAPC
• 2. Commercial and technical ASCAPC
• 3. Variants of organization and construction of ASCAPC
• 4. Calculation of indexes of decline of commercial losses of electric power at vneedrenii of informative-measuring cas of commercial account of electric power of ASCAPC
• Conclusions
• List of sources

Introduction

The decision of problems of energyaccount on an enterprise requires creation automated systems of control and account of energoresursov (ASCAPC), in the structure of which in general case it is possible to select four levels [1]:

the first level is primary measurings devices (PMD) with telemetric or digital ouTSuts, carrying out continuously or with the minimum interval of usredneniya measuring of parameters of energyaccount of users (consumption of electric power, power, pressure, temperature, amount of power medium, amount of warmth with a power medium) on the points of account (fider, pipe etc.);

the second level is devices of collection and dataorigination (DCD), dedicaded measurings systems or multifunction programmable transformers with the imbedded software of energyaccount, carrying out in the set loop of interval usredneniya round-the-clock capture of measurings data with territorial up-diffused PMD, accumulation, treatment and communication of these data on top levels;

the third level is the personal computer (PC) or server of center of collection and processing of data with specialized ASCAPC, carrying out collection of information with DCD (or groups of DCD) software, final treatment of this information both on the points of account and on their groups - on subdivisions and objects of enterprise, documenting and reflection of information of account in a kind, comfortable for an analysis and making decision (managements) the operative personnel of service of main power engineering specialist and guidance of enterprise;

a fourth level is a server of center of collection and processing of data with specialized ASCAPC, carrying out collection of information from the PC and/or group of servers of centers of collection and processing of data of the third level software, additional aggregation and strukturirovanie of information on the groups of objects of account, documenting and reflection of information of account in a kind, comfortable for an analysis and making decision the personnel of service of main power engineering specialist and guidance territorial up-diffused middle and large;

All levels of ASCAPC are connected between itself ductings of connection. For connection of levels there is PMD and DCD or centers of capture of data, as a rule, direct connection is used on general-purpose interfaces (type of Rs-485). DCD with the centers of capture of data of 3th level, the centers of collection of these 3th and 4th levels can be united to on selected, kommutiruemymi ductings of connection or on a local network.

1. Aims of creation and kinds ASCAPC

• commercial calculations on electric energy between the subjects of market on difficult tariffs with temporal discreteness of their change in a prospect to one hour. Information is acknowledged commercial after signing of agreement of act of the set form sides;
  
• - operative determination of balance of electric energy on every subject of market and his substructures with control of authenticity of information of energy account;
  
• - operative determination of losses and indexes of quality of electric energy;
  
• - control of the technical state and conforming to the requirements of normativno- of technical documents of all facilities of account in composition ASCAPC;
  
• - operative management the modes of energy consumption with the use of information of ASCAPC (for the choice of the modes including on the criterion of economic efficiency);
  
  

Tasks of ASCAPC:

• - measuring, collection, treatment, accumulation, reflection, documenting and distributing of reliable, protected and legalized information about the electric energy and power produced, passed, up-diffused and released;
  
• - control of basic indexes of quality of electric power;
  
• - conduct of archives of the measured sizes of energy, power and indexes of quality of electric energy of set discreteness and on the set retrospective view;
  
• - processing of data and forming of reports;
  
• - decision of complex of tasks, related to the operative regime interface management, current and medium-term prognosis of loadings;
  
• - grant information of energyaccount to the interested users;
  
• - control and diagnostics of the technical state of subsystems of account;
  
  

Basic principles of technical decisions at creation of ASCAPC:

• - moduleness;
  
• - maximal standardization;
  
• - possibility of increase on points and structures of account;
  
• - use of serial interfaces and opened protocols;
  
• - use of the series-produced domestic and foreign hardwares;
  
• - use of digital methods of treatment.

Aims of energy account:

It is possible to select two purposes, arrived at by control and account of supplying/consumption with energoresursov, without depending on in-use for this purpose hardwares:
1. providing of calculations for energoresursy in accordance with the real volume of their delivery/consumption;
2.minimization of production and unproductive expenses on energoresursy. Due to the different ways of gaining end minimization of expenses on energoresursy can be realized both without diminishing of volume of consumption of energoresursov and for an account diminishing of volume of consumption of energoresursov. These aims are arrived at due to the decision of next tasks of account of energoresursov and control of their parameters.

Fig. 1- Devices of collection and communication of data

2. Commercial and technical ASCAPC

On purpose ASKUE of enterprise subdivide into the systems of commercial and technical account. Commercial, or by a calculation, an account is name the account of supplying/consumption to energy by an enterprise for a money calculation for it (accordingly devices for a commercial account name commercial, or by a calculation). Technical, or by control, an account is name an account for control of process of supplying/consumption to energy into an enterprise on his subdivisions and objects (the devices of technical account are accordingly used). A technical account forms an informative base for execution of functions of current management, planning, setting of norms and analysis of electro-consumption [1]. The conduct of technical account of electric power allows on industrial enterprises: - to define the inefficient use of electric power on separate technological areas; - to enter economic factors, stimulant the economy of electric power; - to save energoresursy and to reduce the consumption of electric power on the issue of the prepared products. The task of technical account differs a greater dimension and complication. A technical account is carried out presently the meters of electric energy at the level of distributive and transformer substations. These meters can not fix electric power, directly used up one or another workshop, because every workshop is got by a feed from a few TS (or DP), each of which, in same queue, feeds a few workshops. For example, for the chart of enterprise, represented on a picture 1.2 electro-consumption of workshop 2 determined on the meter of Ph2. Workshop 1 feeds both from TS1 (meter of Ph1) and from TS2 (difference of testimonies of meters of Ph3 and Ph2). Thus, electro-consumption of workshop 1 it is possible to define Workshop of 1=ph1+(Ph3-ph2) on a formula. The meter of Ph3 is more frequent than all set not on TS, but on MDS, I.e. on the feed-in end of cable [3].

Fig. 2.1 - Electricity accounting for technical accounting: TS - transformer substation; Ph - electricity meter.

For realization of division of account of electric power on workshops and technological settings, as a rule, the additional setting of meters, realization of switching and organization of substations is needed. With development of market relations, restructuring of enterprises, economic isolation of separate subdivisions of enterprises and appearance commercially independent, but connected by the general scheme of power supply of production - subsubscribers of function of technical and calculation account are combined within the framework of one system[2]. Accordingly, ASCAPC of commercial and technical account can be realized as separate systems or as a single system. Two types of account, commercial and technical, have the specific. A commercial account is conservative, has a withstand chart of energy supply, for him the presence of two-bit of points of account, which setting of devices of enhanceable exactness is required on, is characteristic, а Ph1 TS1 Workshop 1 Workshop 2 TS2 Ph2 Ph3 and facilities of account of lower and middle level of ASCAPC must get out from the state register of measurings facilities. In addition, the systems of commercial account are without fail stopped, that limits possibilities of bringing in them of some operative changes from the side of personnel of enterprise. A technical account, vice versa, is dynamic and develops constantly, reflecting the changing requirements of production; for him plenty of points of account is characteristic with the different tasks of control of energoresursov on which it is possible to set the devices of the lowered exactness for cost effectiveness. Technical control is assumed by the use of devices, not added to the State register of measurings facilities, however here can be problems with finding out of reasons of nebalansa of energoresursov given on a consumption from the systems of commercial and technical account[5]. Absence of stopping of devices energysale organization allows service of main power engineering specialist of enterprise operatively to bring in change in the chart of technical control of energoresursov, in the seTSoints of primary measurings devices in accordance with current changes in the chart of energy supply of enterprise and specific of the decided production tasks. Taking into account this specific of commercial and technical account it is possible to optimize the cost of creation of ASKUE and its exploitations [1].

Tasks of the checking and account of electric power systems:

• - exact measuring of parameters of supplying/consumption with energoresursov with the purpose of providing of calculations for energoresursy in accordance with the real volume of their delivery/consumption and minimization of unproductive expenses on energoresursy, in particular due to the use of more exact measurings devices or increase of synchronousness of capture of basic data.
  
• - diagnostics of plenitude of the calculations given with the purpose of providing for energoresursy in accordance with the real volume of their delivery/consumption due to the increase of authenticity of information, in-use for financial arrangements with the suppliers of energoresursov and subsubscribers of enterprise and acceptance of administrative decisions.
  
• - complex automated commercial and technical account of energoresursov and control of their parameters on an enterprise, his infrastructures (boiler room and objects of zhilkombyta) and intrastrukturam (workshops, subdivisions, subsubscribers) on the operating tariff systems with the purpose of minimization of production and unproductive expenses on energoresursy.
  
• - control of energy consumption on all power mediums, points and objects of account in the set temporal intervals (5, 30 minutes, areas, changing, days, ten-day periods, months, quarters and years) in relation to the set limits, regime and technological limitations of power, expense, pressure and temperature with the purpose of minimization of expenses on energoresursy and providing of safety of energy supply.
  
• - fixing of rejections of the controlled parameters of energoresursov, their estimation in absolute and relative units for the analysis of both energy consumption and production processes with the purpose of minimization of expenses on energoresursy and renewal of production processes after their violation from going of the controlled parameters of energoresursov beyond possible limits.
  
• - signaling (by a color, sound) about the rejections of the controlled sizes from the possible range of values with the purpose of minimization of production expenses on energoresursy due to acceptance of operative decisions.
  
• - prognostication (short, medium and long-term) of values of sizes of energyaccount with the purpose of minimization of production expenses on energoresursy due to planning of energy consumption.
  
• - automatic control an energy consumption on the basis of the set criteria and priority charts of including/disconnecting of users-regulators with the purpose of minimization of production expenses on energoresursy due to the economy of hand labour and providing of management quality.
  
• - maintenance of single system time with the purpose of minimization of unproductive expenses on energoresursy due to providing of the synchronous measurings. Majority of operating ASCAPC of industrial enterprises by virtue of the structural and functional limitations is decided only part of the considered tasks [4].
  

3. Variants of organization and construction of ASCAPC

Will consider the variants of organization and construction of ASCAPC on the example of the systems of account of electric power.

1. Organization of ASCAPC with canvassing meters through optical port[8].

It most simple variant of organization of ASCAPC. Meters are not incorporated between itself. Between meters and center of capture of data there is not connection. All meters are polled consistently at the round of meters an operator. Questioning is produced through optical port by the program placed on a portable computer, which forms the file of results of questioning. On the computer of center of capture of data the programmatic modules, formings a file-task on questioning and loadings information in a basic database, are needed (DB). Synchronization of time of meters takes place in the process of questioning in course of time portable computer. Synchronization of time of portable computer in course of time center of capture of data produced in the moment of reception of job files on questioning of meters. For maximal cost effectiveness on creation of ASKUE in this variant the role of center of capture of data can be laid on a laptop computer. The lacks of this method of organization of ASCAPC is large labour intensiveness of capture of data from meters and impossibility of the use in the system of induction or electronic meters with an impulsive ouTSut.

Organization of ASCAPC with canvassing meters through optical port allows to decide the followings tasks:

• -exact measuring of parameters of delivery/consumption;
  
• -commercial and technical account of energoresursov on an enterprise, his infrastructural elements (boiler room and objects of housing and communal services, workshops, subdivisions, subsubscribers);
  
• -control of energy consumption on points and objects of account in the set temporal intervals (30 minutes, areas, changing, days, ten-day periods, months, quarters and years) in relation to the set limits and technological limitations of power;
  
• -processing of data and forming of reports on the account of electric power;
  
• -diagnostics of plenitude of information;
  
• -description of electric connections of objects and their descriptions;
  
• -diagnostics of meters;
  
• -maintenance of single system time.
  

2. Organization of ASCAPC with canvassing meters by a portable computer through transformer of interfaces, multiplexer or modem.

Meters, incorporated the unibus of Rs-485, or on an interface "current loop" on a multiplexer (type of MPR-16), or can be disposed the device of collection and dataorigination (DCD) in different distributive devices and polled one or once or twice in a month by the program placed on a portable computer, which forms the file of results of questioning. Between meters and center of capture of data there is not permanent connection. DCD executes the role of of communication server. On the computer of center of capture of data the programmatic modules, formings a file-task on questioning and loadings information to basic DB, are needed. Synchronization of time of meters takes place in the process of questioning in course of time portable computer. Synchronization of time of portable computer in course of time center of capture of data produced in the moment of reception of job files on questioning of meters. The selected computer for the center of capture of data in this variant can absent also, his role can execute a laptop computer.

Organization of ASCAPC with canvassing meters by a portable computer through transformer of interfaces, a multiplexer or modem allows to decide the followings tasks:

• -exact measuring of parameters of delivery/consumption;
  
• -commercial and technical account of energoresursov on an enterprise, his infrastructural elements (boiler room and objects of housing and communal services, workshops, subdivisions, subsubscribers);
  
• -control of energy consumption on points and objects of account in the set temporal intervals (30 minutes, areas, changing, days, ten-day periods, months, quarters and years) in relation to the set limits and technological limitations of power;
  
• -processing of data and forming of reports on the account of electric power;
  
• -diagnostics of plenitude of information;
  
• -description of electric connections of objects and their descriptions;
  
• -diagnostics of meters;
  
• -gaining of single system time.
  
  

3. Organization of ASCAPC with the leadthrough of the automatic questioning of meters by the local center of collection and processing of data.

Meters are constantly related to the center of capture of data the direct ductings of connection and polled in accordance with the set curriculum of questioning. Primary information from meters is written down in DB. Synchronization of time of meters takes place in the process of questioning in course of time computer of center of capture of data. As a computer of center of capture of data local PEVM is used. There is processing of data and conduct of DB on it. Depending on the amount of users, amount of meters and intervals of their type, qualification of users, complications of mathematical treatment et cetera local DB can function either under MS Access or under SUBD of Oracle8.X. The capture of data in DB takes place periodically with the set intervals.

Organization of ASCAPC with the leadthrough of the automatic questioning of meters allows to decide the followings tasks the local center of collection and processing of data:

• -exact measuring of parameters of delivery/consumption;
  
• -complex automated commercial and technical account of energoresursov on an enterprise, his infrastructural elements (boiler room and objects of housing communal life, workshops, subdivisions, subsubscribers);
  
• -control of energy consumption and parameters of quality of electric power (PQE) on points and objects of account in the set temporal intervals (5 minutes, 30 minutes, areas, changing, days, ten-day periods, months, quarters and years) in relation to the set limits and technological limitations of power;
  
• -processing of data and forming of reports on the account of electric power and control of PQE;
  
• -fixing of rejections of the controlled parameters of energoresursov, their estimation in absolute and relative units for the analysis of both energy consumption and production processes;
  
• -signaling (by a color, sound) about the rejections of the controlled sizes from the possible range of values;
  
• -diagnostics of plenitude of information;
  
• -description of electric connections of objects and their descriptions;
  
• -parametrization of communications and descriptions of questioning;
  
• -diagnostics of the system;
  
• -maintenance of single system time.
  

4. Organization of multilevel ASCAPC for the territorial up-diffused middle and large enterprise or grid.

Basic part of meters is constantly related to the centers of capture of data of the first level the direct ductings of connection and polled in accordance with the set curriculum of questioning, as in the third method of organization of ASCAPC. Between some meters and center of capture of data of the first level there can be not permanent connection, they can be polled by a portable computer, as in the second method of organization of ASCAPC. Primary information from meters is written down in DB of centers of capture of data of the first level, there is processing of data on them. An additional aggregation and strukturirovanie of information is the second level carried out in the centers of capture of data, record of it in DB of centers of capture of data the second level.

The centers of capture of data, as a rule, execute the functions of collection and processing of data only, Armaghs of users are connected to them on a local network. At the two-bit of meters on an object the center of capture of data of the first level can execute functions Armagh[8].

The centers of capture of data of 1th level are related to the centers of capture of data of 2th level ductings of connection. Ductings of connection can be selected, commutated, by direct connection on a local network. The server of capture of data of center of capture of data of 2th level automatically inquires necessary information from DB of centers of capture of data of 1th level in accordance with the set time-table. Organization of multilevel ASCAPC for the territorial up-diffused middle and large enterprise or grid allows to decide the followings tasks:

• - exact measuring of parameters of delivery/consumption;
  
• - complex automated commercial and technical account of energoresursov on an enterprise, his infrastructural elements (boiler room and objects of housing communal life workshops, subdivisions, subsubscribers);
  
• - conduct of agreements and forming of pay documents for calculations for electric power;
  
• - control of energy consumption and PQE on points and objects of account in the set temporal intervals (5 minutes, 30 minutes, areas, changing, days, ten-day periods, months, quarters and years) in relation to the set limits and technological limitations of power;
  
• - accompaniment is normative - to certificate information;
  
• - processing of data and forming of reports on the account of electric power and control of PQE;
  
• - fixing of rejections of the controlled parameters of energoresursov, their estimation in absolute and relative units for the analysis of both energy consumption and production processes;
  
• - signaling (by a color, sound) about the rejections of the controlled sizes from the possible range of values;
  
• - diagnostics of plenitude of information;
  
• - description of electric connections of objects and their descriptions;
  
• - parametrization of communications and descriptions of questioning;
  
• - diagnostics of the system;
  
• - maintenance of single system time.
  

Homogeneous system

At creation of ASCAPC for realization of elements of different levels of the system it is possible to use different technical decisions from different suppliers. Due to it it is possible to minimize the cost of elements of the created system. However, most preferable is the use of technical decisions which allow to build ASCAPC as a homogeneous system, I.e. to set in every object of account identical software, being based on homogeneous vehicle facilities. It enables stage-by-stage automation of business-processes, related to electricity metering and control of its parameters, possibility of stage-by-stage construction of ASCAPC and introductions of it in an operation and maintenance phase, diminishes the cost of the set-up, as software begins to work at once and at once gives the required information, diminishes a running of ASCAPC cost. As far as growth of the system, realization of connection between the centers of capture of data, they assuredly join in a single technological process.

4. Calculation of indexes of decline of commercial losses of electric power at vneedrenii of informative-measuring cas of commercial account of electric power of ASCAPC.

Decline of commercial constituent of losses of electric power, conditioned control of faultless work of devices of account of electric energy, in a calculation month determined on a formula[9]:

where - is a volume of electric energy, passed to the users for calculation period;

– coefficient of reliability of faultless work of devices of account;

– coefficient, taken taking to account that time of search and renewal of capacity of meter;

– probability of death of devices of account for a calculation month.

Probability of faultless work of meter (probability that within the limits of the set work a refuse does not arise up) on the set interval of T, written down in a kind:

where t – is a period which probability of faultless work is determined for.

Probability that the refuse of object will happen for time, not exceeding the set size of t, I.e. that T > t, as probability of event, opposite to that at which, , is equal:

Dependence between probability of faultless work and middle work looks like completely::

where Tст is statistical middle work completely;

t is a period of work of meter from the moment of setting, h.

Thus, probability of output of meter from a line-up is determined on expression:

Probability of death of meter from a line-up on a time domain does not depend duration of t on time of preceding work to beginning of the examined interval, but depends only on duration of time of t[7].

Calculation of economic effect, arrived at due to control of good condition of devices of account of electric energy, conducted for strange users and determined on expression:

at a rate tariff on services in the transmission of electric power

at a double rate tariff on services in the transmission of electric power

where Тпок - middle self-weighted tariff of purchase of electric power on knots in a period covered,

Тпер - tariff on maintenance of electric networks in a period (at an one rate tariff),

Спер - is a rate on payment of losses of electric power in networks in a period covered (at a double-rate tariff).

Limit of the assumed relative error of measuring complex (MC), which systematic errors are excluded from, at confiding probability 0,95 determined on expression:

chart of the direct including 0,4 kV

through the transformers of current (at tension 0,4 kV)

where di, – limits of legitimate values of relative error, accordingly, transformers of current and transformers of tension, %;

dос – limit of permissible basic error of induction or electronic meters, %.

During setting of induction and electronic meters will make the values of permissible relative error of measuring complex:

for induction meters

for electronic meters

Thus, the decline of the assumed relative error of measuring complex will make for tension 0,4 kV:

The value of decline of commercial losses, conditioned the errors of measuring complex, for users, recipient a feed from networks by tension 0,4 kV, will make:

где – сtotal volume of electric energy, passed to the strange users through transformer substation, on electronic three-phase meters, to plugged in the system of ASKAPC, for a calculation month, kVt•h.

An economic effect, arrived at due to the increase of authenticity of account, is determined for strange users and settles accounts on expression:

at an odnostavochnom tariff on services in the transmission of electric power

at a double-rate tariff on services in the transmission of electric power

where Тпок - middle self-weighted tariff purchases of electric power,

Тпер - tariff on maintenance of electric networks in a period (at an odnostavochnom tariff) covered,

Спер - rate on payment of losses of electric power in networks in a period covered (at a double-rate tariff).

Decline of commercial losses, conditioned systematic errors from the sverkhnormativnykh terms of service of induction meters.

The losses of electric power from systematic errors, conditioned the sverkhnormativnymi terms of service, are determined on expression:

where – coefficients for monophase and three-phase meters accordingly;

– error of monophase and three-phase meters;

– accordingly, total monthly volume of electric energy, passed to the strange users on transformer substation, on monophase and three-phase meters, kVt*h.

In case if there is not statistical information on the terms of service of meters, set to introduction of ASKAPC, value of coefficients to to accepted averaged[6].

An economic effect, arrived at due to the decline of losses of electric power from systematic errors, conditioned the sverkhnormativnymi terms of exploitation of devices of account, is determined for strange users and settles accounts on expression:

at an odnostavochnom tariff on services in the transmission of electric power

at a double-rate tariff on services in the transmission of electric power

where Тпок - middle self-weighted tariff of purchase of electric power on railway knots in a period covered,

Тпер - tariff on maintenance of electric networks in a period (at an odnostavochnom tariff) covered,

Спер - rate on payment of losses of electric power in networks in a period covered (at a double-rate tariff).

Conclusions

A permanent rise in prices of energoresursov requires from industrial enterprises development and introduction of complex of measures on an energy-savings, including hard control of supplying/consumption with all types of energoresursov, limitation and decline of their stake in an unit cost. Modern ASKUE is a measuring instrument, allowing economic grounded to develop, carry out the complex of measures on an energy-savings, in good time to correct him, providing dynamic ptimizaciyu expenses on energoresursy in the conditions of changing economic environment, thereby ASKUE is basis of the system of energy-savings of industrial enterprises. First and most necessary step in this direction, which is necessary to be done already today, is to inculcate the automated account of energoresursov, allowing to take into account and control the parameters of all power mediums on all structural hierarchy of enterprise with taking of this control to every workplace.Due to it will be taken to the minimum production and unproductive expenses on energoresursy, it will allow to decide the vexed questions between a supplier and user of energoresursov by not volitional, directive measures, and objectively on the basis of the objective automated account.

List of sources

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2. Belolipetsky, S.A. Fundamentals of practical building maintenance: textbook / S.А. Belolipetsky. - Moscow: Prospect, 2017. - 158 p. http://biblioclub.ru/index.php?page=book&id=469665.

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9. Calculation of indexes of decline of commercial losses of electric power: https://www.goodstudents.ru

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