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Abstract on the topic of graduation work

Contents

Introduction

Due to the rapid development of microelectronics, the computing power of modern microcontrollers is significantly increased, which leads to the cheapening themselves of microcontrollers, and, accordingly, allows to use the possibilities they provide, in such schemes, where previously their use was uneconomical. On the market there is a huge selection of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) both from well-known manufacturers (Siemens, Advantech, etc.) and from rapidly developing new producers, which, as a rule, have Asian roots. The latter are usually at their most affordable PLCs use chips from companies like Atmel and Texas Instruments, with the architecture of AVR and PIC, respectively. Despite the well-known advantages of PLC from manufacturers of the first echelon (reliability, convenient software )for working with PLC and training personnel, technical support of users online, etc.), they are crossed out by one significant drawback – the high price of such PLCs, which is especially important for small businesses and most Universities. Therefore, actual is the task of choosing an alternative to expensive PLC, which can be recommended for teaching students the principles of working with microcontrollers and build simple enough managed controllers. As an alternative, it is proposed to use relatively inexpensive Atmel/AVR microcontrollers and, in particular, the Arduino computing platform. The aim of the work is to develop a hardware-software complex for the production of bio-fuel emulsions. On this installation it is possible to program the microcontroller for its further use in any devices, applied in industrial processes as well as demonstrate programs.[3]

emulsion Preparation requires cooperation between physicists and chemists because physicists are able to prepare small particles, and chemists-long to keep them in this state. In fact, nowadays chemists with great skill prevent the formation of large accumulation of particles, their precipitation or ascent. Among the many products produced today by ultrasound, we meet products of baby food, cosmetics, ointments, seasonings, varnishes, sauces, soups, processed cheeses, margarine, mayonnaise, nut oil, toothpaste, tomatoes, cocktails and, of course, emulsion paints.[2]

1. Relevance of the topic

Most of the energy in the world is obtained in the form of thermal energy during the combustion of fossil fuels, converting it, if necessary, into electrical energy. During the development of thermal energy is most polluted environment, first of all, products of fuel combustion. About 80% of all types of biosphere pollution is caused by precisely energy processes.[1]

The search for new alternative sources of fuel is a topical issue for the whole world. Currently, there are fuel, energy and environmental problems, such as coal, oil and natural gas. This is due to the shortage and rise in price of fossil energy resources. The increase in prices for oil and oil products, as well as the depletion of natural sources of fuel have led to the active development of scientific research in the direction of search and development of alternative technologies [2]. To date, there is no doubt that biofuels derived from renewable raw materials, agricultural waste and industrial waste can be a solution to energy problems. Already now in many leading countries of the world (the USA, Brazil, Germany, Japan, China, France, etc.) industrial production of environmentally friendly biofuels is mastered, raw materials for receiving which are vegetable and microbial biomass, waste of various productions [3]. Recently, the energy use of biomass has been given special attention, as there is no INCREASE in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere provided that it is continuously recovered. In addition, in many countries of the world, with their food markets generally saturated, there are huge surpluses of cultivated land, some of which have already been successfully used for energy crops.

in the near future, all surplus cultivated land is planned to be taken up by energy plantations. For example, in Germany, biomass cultivation on different types of energy plantations is expected to be carried out by 2030 on an area of 2.0–4.3 million hectares, and by 2050-on an area of 4.2 – 6.1 million hectares of 17.3 million hectares currently used in agricultural production [1].

Since the end of the last Millennium, the world has shown the most active interest in biomass as a source of energy. There are a number of reasons and driving forces that push the industry to use biomass in the fuel industry: 1. sustainable development: a source of clean and renewable energy; 2. universal application: energy, heat supply, transport; 3. energy security: diversification of energy sources, regional sources; 4. environmental protection: reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, the impact of sources leading to climate change.

Fuel and energy resources of the planet by the beginning of the XXI century have significantly decreased, and energy consumption is constantly increasing. The current level of energy consumption in the world is equivalent to 12 billion tons.t. Taking into account existing growth rates by 2050 world energy consumption will reach 15 billion tons.t... and according to more pessimistic forecasts-25 billion tons.t. Based on this, the current task is to obtain bio-fuel emulsions with the use of ultrasonic technologies as well as software and hardware for remote control processes.

Master's thesis is devoted to the actual scientific task of developing software and hardware complex for bio-fuel emulsions aimed at the modernization of existing methods of production, as well as to improve the method control of the process by implementing the development of knowledge from the field of Arduino, namely with the help of microcontrollers to control remotely installed through a mobile application, Arduino IDE, Android Studio will act as tools.

2. Purpose and objectives of the study, planned results

The aim of the study is to develop a hardware-software complex for the production of bio-fuel emulsions.

main objectives of the study:

  1. Analysis of existing microalgae biomass cultivation systems the
  2. to assess the effectiveness of technologies to produce biomass of microalgae
  3. Search and identification of characteristics of the process of biofuel production, significantly affecting the yield of the main product.
  4. Development of hardware and software complex of the plant for production of biofuel emulsions

research Object: biofuel production.

Subject of study: improving methods for producing biofuels from microorganisms.

as part of the master's work it is planned to obtain relevant scientific results in the following areas:

  1. Introduction of new methods to regulate the process of biofuel production, focused on the compactness of the installation and ease of process control.
  2. Determination of the best environment for use as a feedstock for biofuels.
  3. Application of new methods for obtaining biofuel emulsions.

3. Research and development review

As raw materials for biofuel production it is possible to use biomass of vegetable or animal origin, including waste from industrial production residues or animal wastes. Promising raw materials for biofuels are marine microalgae, which do not require any clean water or land. Algae actively absorb carbon dioxide, and therefore their use is really useful to reduce the greenhouse effect. Fuel from microalgae is called biofuel of the third generation, and currently under active development for its production. One of the representatives of microalgae is Spiruline. Spiruline is a blue-green unicellular algae of the cyanobacteria genus. The process of cultivation of these microorganisms occurs due to the formation of organic substances from carbon dioxide and liquid nutrient medium, and the source of energy is sunlight [1]. To develop a highly effective method of growing Spiruline it is necessary to analyze the existing systems of cultivation. Currently, the industry uses several systems for the cultivation of this microalgae. The most common method is cultivation in open-type basins [1]. A distinctive feature of this method is the use of shallow water bodies located in areas with direct access to sunlight. In such systems, a mechanical method of mixing by means of drums and paddle wheels is usually used

There are various methods for producing emulsions and suspensions, and in particular with the use of ultrasound. All known methods of emulsification are associated with the effect on the liquid in the liquid (oil-water, oil-water, etc.), and methods of suspension - the solid phase in the liquid. The disadvantage of the known methods for producing emulsions and suspensions is their unsuitability for producing aqueous emulsions and suspensions of refractory organic compositions, e.g. heavy oil sludge, spent fuel and lubricants, wax, refractory fats, paraffin, etc. Known methods of emulsification and (or) suspension are suitable for either liquid-to-liquid compositions. The object of the present invention is to obtain emulsions and suspensions of refractory organic compounds.

3.1 Expected scientific novelty

Finding or obtaining the optimal characteristics of the process of ultrasonic exposure to the medium in order to obtain biofuel emulsions. Selection of the best characteristics of the process of obtaining biofuel emulsions in order to increase the yield of the finished product. System implementation control controls for automation of the control process on the basis of Arduino microcontrollers.

The supposed scientific novelty of the study is that many experiments with which we work are conducted in old installations in which where the accuracy of the the data to be determined is questioned. We introduce a model of interaction with the installation will extend the established limits of control by the installation. Current limitation in the implementation of data control can be overcome if you apply a rational approach to read data, namely through the introduction of biofuel into the system emulsions of control sensors, namely with the help of automation and robotics systems Arduino, the Hardware part is a set of mounted circuit boards, sold as an official manufacturer and third-party manufacturers. Fully the open architecture of the system allows you to freely copy or Supplement the product line Arduino.

4. Basic concept of automation of biofuel emulsion production system

The next stage was the development of hardware and software complex. There were several requirements for this device:

After all the components have been received, we start the Assembly. Arduino Nano (instead, you can take the Arduino Mini it is cheaper and USB is only needed at the debugging stage) and the radio module connect according to the standard scheme, the only difference is that the 3.3 V power is connected to the battery. To conserve wypal resistors of the LEDs. The 3.3 V output can not be used because there will be an additional voltage drop on THE built-in ch340 stabilizer. You can still solder the stabilizer to 5V, it is still not used, but even with the accidental closure of the VIN and 5V contacts closes the power line to the ground, discharging the battery.[4].

sensor to Arduino Board wiring Diagram

figure 1-wiring diagram of the sensor to the Arduino Board

In order to connect all the sensors correctly, we will demonstrate the schematic diagram of the process of preparing the connection of sensors to the Arduino Board. The first thing we need to implement in the Bluetooth sensor system, directly as a means of data transfer to the input and output. The next step is to connect a temperature sensor to our system which can also signal moisture readings (ds18b20).

possible sensor connection schemes

Figure 2 – Possible schemes of connection of sensors
(animation: 4 frames, 6 cycles of repeating, 194 KB)

Conclusions

With the help of microcontroller control it is supposed to maintain such parameters as: the temperature of the medium, the intensity of CO2 supply and culture medium, the intensity of mixing culture, exposure time intervals for the necessary lighting, transmission control light through the medium to determine the intensity of the original culture.At this stage of the study, the main goal is to achieve efficiency the work and management of the photobioreactor plays a Huge role in this, the selection and selection of the nutrient medium, as well as the technology of effective growing strain of microporosity Spiruline, which ultimately will allow to get ecologically clean and economical to use biofuel.

Master's thesis is devoted to the actual scientific problem of environmentally friendly production of biofuels. Within the framework of the conducted studies the following was performed:

  1. Developed software and hardware complex for control of technological parameters
  2. based on the analysis of literature sources, the main stages that can be used in the synthesis of biofuels are identified.
  3. a number of experiments on interaction with microcontrollers were Carried out

Further research focuses on the following aspects:

  1. the Search for a quality environment for the cultivation of the strain.
  2. Selection of the achievable effect at the moment of action of ultrasonic wave on algae is necessary.
  3. development of a mobile application for remote control of the installation.

When writing this essay, the master's work is not yet completed. Final completion: June 2019. Full text of the work and materials on the topic can be obtained from the author or his supervisor after the specified date.

List of sources

  1. Carvalho A.P., Meireles L.A., Malcata F.X. Microalgal reactors: a review of enclosed system design and performances. Biotechnology Progress. 2006, 22, 1490-1506.
  2. Duque, J.R. Hydrodynamic computational evaluation in solar tubular photobioreactors bends / J. R. Duque. – CT&F Ciencia: Tecnologia y Futuro, 2011. – 72 p.
  3. Èíôîðìàöèîííûé ñàéò, ïîñâÿù¸ííûé òåìå ìèêðîêîíòðîëëåðîâ [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. – Ðåæèì äîñòóïà: http://earchive.tpu.ru/bitstream/11683/21916/1/conference_tpu-2015-C47-V1-002.pdf
  4. Èíôîðìàöèîííûé ñàéò, ïîñâÿù¸ííûé òåìå Arduino [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. – Ðåæèì äîñòóïà: https://arduino.ua/art63-kompleks-domashnei-avtomatizacii-chast-2
  5. Îöåíêà ýêîëîãî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ýôôåêòà îò èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êà÷åñòâå òîïëèâà âîäîìàçóòíîé ýìóëüñèè, ïðèãîòîâëåííîé èç ìàçóòîñîäåðæàùèõ îòõîäîâ / Ñ. Â. Ãðèäèí, À. Ë. Õîõëîâà // Ïðîìûøëåííàÿ òåïëîòåõíèêà – 2010. – ¹3. – C. 59–63.
  6. Îôèöèàëüíûé ñàéò ÇÀÎ «ÆÀÑÊλ [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. – http://www.evrobriket.ru/SVBR.html.
  7. Èíôîðìàöèîííûé ïîðòàë ÐÒÊ ÍÎÂÛÅ ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. – Ðåæèì äîñòóïà:http://gisprofi.com/catalog/items713.html.