Abstract:
The paper includes results of experimental researches of dynamics displacements
and deformations in zones of tectonics faults. The experiments were carried out
on three faults zones located in
The humanity in the own daily
activity has got used to be guided by submissions about the Earth as
"unrequited earth stronghold". Today all know about movements of lithospheric plates, about movements on such active faults
as San-Andreas in
In reality it is far from
being so. The tectonics faults even of a low rank in general hierarchy of a
block structure of a rock mass have the some mobility. She not always carries
directional trend pattern, but can be introduced also dynamics oscillatings, aroused while by unknown endogenics
processes. The look-alike contradictions of existing submissions are conjugate
to real processes in an earth-crust with severe hazard to the objects, which
have appeared in affected area of movable tectonics patterns. Most contrast
this contradiction was reveal on extended objects, such as main oil pipelines
and gas lines, underground manifolds etc. But specially
it is important for ecologically dangerous objects, the emergencies on which
one can become the cause of ecological disasters. To them it is possible to
relate nuclear power stations, underground and ground-level storage of nuclear
wastes.
In the paper the results of
researches dynamics of faults zones, introducing interest in fundamental and
problem fields of knowledge are given.
From the end of the nineteenth
century and until recently the stress-deformed state of a rock mass in geomechanics, geodynamics and other sciences about the
Earth was represented as something static. The representation about its
parameters, about parents their reasons, about dependences between values of
stresses both deformations and bases of their measurements varied. But same
remained invariable - static state of parameters of stresses and deformations
in historical intervals of time. The dynamic or slow variations on the
established concepts occur or for durable geological periods, or on a sites of
progressing and display of geodynamic processes on short interims.
At 70-80 years of past century
in scientific researches even more often meet of papers on researches dynamics
of parameters of the stress-deformed state in interrelated the tidal phenomens from influencing the Moon and Sun. Today in many
papers the question about fluctuations of parameters of the stress-deformed
state is bring up, and anybody from geomechanicist
will not become to deny dynamics of the stress-deformed state. But in practical
sphere dynamics of stresses and deformations does not find the reflex. It takes
place for the simple reason - nobody knows parameters of dynamic processes:
amplitudes and frequencies of occurring variations.
At the same time, by practice
exploitation of main oil and gaseous pipe lines and other extended objects is
established, that the emergency breakings on them are clustered, more often, in
zones of tectonics patterns. The mechanism of their breaking down in these
zones allows suspect about presence of dynamics variations in the
stress-deformed state of a rock mass and pipe line, laid on him. These
conditions have induced to carry out experimental researches of dynamics of the
stress-deformed state of faults zones.
Dynamics of displacements in
faults zones was researched with applying of technique of satellite geodesy. Is
immediate were measured mutual vertical and horizontal displacements of two
marks of special observant stations equipped on investigated areas. For these
purposes the kit of instruments of firm Trimble (USA) series 4600LS, including
four GPS receivers was used.
The observant stations
represented system of marks locked on ground surface with the use of pilling metallical datum marks. The applying of datum marks
provides an opportunity of review of experiments. On the first object in area
of an oil pipeline 15 marks of observations, and on
second 13 were equipped.
The measurements were executed
on technique of differential GPS in a uninterrupted
mode with periodicity of code-reading 5 seconds, 10, 15 and 30 minutes.
Simultaneously in operation there were 4 receivers located on 4 datum marks. It
provided monitoring behind variations of lengths and leveling at 6 vectors. In
total was executed of measurements on 29 vectors on the first object and 35
vectors on second. The endurance of continuous observations on each vector was
various and amount from 1.5 hours till 30 hours.
The implementation of all
requirements make to planning and execution of measurements, and also to
post-processing of experimental data, provides accuracy of definition of a mutual
position of two receivers within the limits of 1-3 mm. During executing of
measurements the special check confirming the specified accuracy was carried
out.
The
deformations of vectors observant stations in the tables are given in absolute
and relative values. For horizontal deformations this
variation of vector length (millimeters) and relative elongation. For
vertical deformations this variation of elevations confining datum marks
(millimeters) and variation of inclination.
As
whole is not revealed yet existence of the determined intercouplings
of deformations with a direction of vectors concerning tectonic disturbances.
Probably they will exhibit themselves at the subsequent researches and
accumulation of the experimental information.
The obtained experimental data
about presence dynamic forms of movements in zones of tectonic disturbances and
aroused by them alternating deformations and movements entails severe
fundamental and problem consequences. In fundamental area they, first of all,
are connected to aggravation of submissions about the natural stress-deformed
state of a rock mass.
Presence dynamic forces in
zones of tectonics faults, which one, apparently, have an endogenic
genesis, causes many features in progressing and existence of the stress-deformed
state not only faults zones, but also in the whole rock mass. But it leaves for
frameworks of the given report and, is interquartile,
will serve as a theme of other researches.
It is difficult to
overestimate a role of dynamic deformations and in problem sphere. All
artificial objects which have got on tectonics faults with dynamic
deformations, is undoubtedly will appear under their affecting, testing
influencing fatigue effects from cyclic loading. According to the obtained
frequencies, the construction will be subjected not less than 500000 cycles
loading per one year. First of all extended underground objects, such as gas
mains and oil pipelines, water lines, heating mains, sewage headers,
undergrounds etc. are exposed to affecting of dynamic deformations.