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From all harmful affecting of coal industry environment most widespread and dangerous troop landings of contaminating matters in an atmosphere, the volume of which exceeds 20% ot the general volume of the troop landings in Ukraine. Thus, the less than half of all «garbages» of industry passes through cleansing buildings. An atmosphere is more than all muddy in Donetsk, Makeevke, Alchevske, Enakievo, Lisichanske and Gorlovke. It is necessary to name the basic sources of contamination of atmosphere coal industry, foremost, troop landings of methane by vent options (5,6 milliards of ì3 in a year) of mines, and also products of combustion because of spontaneous combustion of uglesoderzhaschikh breeds in dumps and waste banks. The area of earths of «dumps» is made by more than 7 thousand of ga, and shlamonakopiteley are 4 thousands of ga. Presently exactly a to 1,3 milliard of t breeds «zaarkhivirovano» here, thus, 60 million t is annually added, rational use the last years makes them about 17% ot the annual volume of delivery on a surface, including for zabutovki of the produced space in mines – only 9%. It testifies to predominance on the mines of method of bringing down of mountain breeds in the produced space, which stipulates intensive prosedanie of earthly surface (annually on an area to 1000 êì2); exceeding of fivemeter level is accompanied a submergence, podtopleniem, soaking of trees and appearance of bogs. Because of such prosedaniya podtoplenie of Donetsk is 31% an area, Makeevki – 42%, Stakhanova, Pervomayska and Bryanki – yet more.
An extraordinarily important factor, substantially influencing on territorial organization of all socio-economic life and efficiency of production, is an ecological situation. In the last decades in Ukraine she was substantially worsened. One of basic factors, influencing on an ecological situation, there is development of extractive and processing industry at out-of-date technologies and related to it excessive urbanization of many districts, before all Donbassa. Donbass is a large industrial region of Ukraine, a few thousand major industrial concerns, production-industrial associations and enterprises of fuel and energy complex, mining, metallurgical, chemical industry, heavy engineering, build industry, and also agroindustrial complex, are counted in which. Donbass provides greater part of industrial production of Ukraine, thus in most ecologically dangerous industries.
High concentration of industrial and agricultural production, transport infrastructure, in combination with the high closeness of population, created the extraordinarily high tekhnogennuyu and antropogennuyu loading on a biosphere - the greatest in Ukraine and Europe. Total tekhnogennaya loading on unit of territory of region in 4 times above the average on Ukraine. Donbass possesses the supplies of almost all chemical elements. The main natural resource of region are coal-fields. His supplies only in the Donetsk area are estimated in 25 milliards of t, that can satisfy the necessities of Ukraine not on one decade ahead.
In spite of slump of production which the common amount of the troop landings and upcasts substantially diminished as a result of, loading on the biosphere of Donbassa still remains one of most in Europe. The enterprises of region throw out near third of total volume of contaminating matters on Ukraine. High speeds and scales of tekhnogennykh processes, enormous moving of mountain the masses of obuslavlivayut large volumes of dispersion of many chemical elements (before all carbon and heavy metals), cause accumulation in the environment of connections of chemical elements in unusual nature combinations.
From aforesaid evidently, that Donbass behaves to the most critical on an ecological situation regions of Ukraine. The sharpest problems of region it is been: contamination of atmospheric air, water pool and soils, where the mine of the name of À.Scochinsky acts not last part.<
Pyli the closeness of the troop landings gases which in an atmosphere makes about 70 tons on 1 apt. km, that in 6 times more than on the average on Ukraine. Presently our region is a supplier to 40% all troop landings of country.
The oxide of carbon which almost 28,8% all troop landings are on the stake of prevails in the structure of the harmful troop landings, sulphureous anhydride (dioxide grey) - 21,3%, dust - 15% and easy organic compounds - 13%. The sverkhnormativnye troop landings of industrial enterprises and vehicles inflict considerable harm the atmosphere of industrial cities, such as, Mariupol, - the volume of the troop landings of contaminating matters in 1999 made 324,5 thousands of t, Donetsk is 208,5 thousands of t, and etcIt stipulated exceeding maximum possible concentrations of dioxide of nitrogen (ot 1,2 to 3,3 PDK), pyli (to 1,3 PDK), sulphureous anhydride (to 2 PDK), oxide of carbon (to 1,25 PDK), ammonia (to 3 PDK), phenol (to 3,2 PDK).
To one of reasons of the unsatisfactory state of air pool of region is an insufficient equipment of sources of secreting of contaminating matters a vysokoeffektivnym gazopyleulavlivayuschim equipment and low level of his exploitation. So, in Donbasse equipped cleansing options only about 40% sources of the troop landing of harmful matters. As well as in preceding years, reasons of unsatisfactory position and insufficient equipped of sources of the troop landings remain a gazoochistnym equipment former is absence or lack of auxiliary and repair personnel, spare parts and materials, problem of financing of the planned works of repairs and build.
The resources of waters of region are formed due to the transit influx of superficial waters, mainly on the small river of Severskiy Donets due to the Kharkov area, local river flow, mines and quarries waters of sewers, and also operating supplies of underground waters (1067 thousands cube. m in days). Fresh water is used by the enterprises of metallurgical, coal industry, energy, communal and rural economy.
Basic zagryaznitelyami of objects of waters are enterprises of mining and metallurgical industry. Enormous territories are exposed to tekhnogennomu influence - ot Don to Dnepr, which the more than hundred of coal mines is located on. Annually they throw down about 500 million cube. m of waters of mines, muddy mineral salts, weighed matters and bacterial admixtures. Small rivers of the Donetsk and Lugansk area the about 1,5 million tons of salts enter annually, that resulted in shallowing of the rivers in the last few years on one meter. It is necessary also to mark that from the frequent situations of emergencies on the objects of sewage economy, their sanitary-epidemiology state remains unsatisfactory.
An analysis and comparison of information show on geochemical specialization of the set ïðèðîäíî-òåõíîãåííûõ types of soils and basic types of mineral raw material, extractive from the bowels of the earth and consumed the complexes of productions of Donbassa (coals, ferrous and manganeses ores, limestones of dolomites and other), and also appearing industrial wastes, that changed the tekhnogennymi processes of soil, as a rule, will inherit geochemical specialization ot mineral or second raw material - through industrial wastes or passing them. Thus, prichinno-sledstvennaya connection is determined in a component chain: raw material is industrial wastes - environment.
The results of the conducted classification of the changed tekhnogenezom soils and research of unasledovannosti of their "geochemical specialization" allow, for example, to on to Donetsk to define basic tekhnogennye processes (reasons), bringing soils over et al, components of environment closely associated with them to their modern ecological state.
Coming from the specific of influencing of the coal mining and uglepererabotki on an environment, the basic measures of nature protections can be: • multiplying an amount and powers of cleansing buildings and increase of their efficiency both for water and air pools in ugledobyvayuschikh regions; • considerable expansion of mining volumes with subsequent zabutovkoy the gob of the produced space; • intensive use in coal industry of dumps of pedigrees and shlakonakopiteley for the production of build materials, withdrawal of redkozemel'nykh elements and ò.ï.; • timely rekul'tivatsiya of earths under sel'khozugod'ya and afforestations. Except for the direct methods of ekologizatsii, in industries TEK and all other industries, using his products, it is necessary wider to inculcate energosberezhenie as mediated, but economic the most accessible and ecologically effective mean of defence of environment ot the destroying antropogennogo affecting her of processes of booty and use of energy and power mediums. In coal industry it is possible to take to such measures: introduction of new ýíåðãîñáåðåãàþùèõ technologies of booty and processing of coal, including due to the methods of bringing him over in the mobile state of explosion and vibration energy; application of methods of gasification, especially low-grade and âûñîêîçîëüíîãî coal; processing and use of wastes of ugleobogascheniya as fuels; withdrawal and power use of mine methane and methane of coal deposits. As methane behaves not only to the hotbeds, but yet and to ozonorazrushayuschim gases, plugging in the production of methane of coal deposits will have an important value both for the improvement of general ecological situation in ugledobyvayuschikh regions and for debugging of «trading in the troop landings», that in accordance with Kiotskim can become protocol by the ponderable source of additional receipts of currency and foreign investments for «ekologizatsii» of Ukrainian TEK. The conducted analysis of the state and prospects of development of coal industry enabled to draw conclusions and define the prospects of this important constituent of TEK of Ukraine taking into account the improvement of its economy. So, the conducted research of the modern state of resource base of coal industry showed that in spite of considerable supplies of coal in Ukraine the state of their found out and degree of the use testify to impossibility of considerable increase of his booty in a prospect. From the general volume of supplies of balances of coal only 20% belong to the perspective supplies of category of Ñ2. Therefore to support a booty at attained level or a few multiplying her is possible due to building of new enterprises and reconstruction of operating with cutting throat parts of reserves of the fields of mines, the supplies of which are taken into account on free areas and make 1,4 milliards of t, or 3,2% ot all supplies of category of À+Â+Ñ.
In addition, it is necessary to extend the volumes of the advanced and geological surveys studies with the purpose of increase of perspective supplies of coal of category of Ñ2 (9,6% ot general geological supplies) taking into account the considerable volumes of the forecast resources. Researches showed that the real resource base of development of coal industry will be become by the prepared supplies on areas for building of new coal enterprises (67 areas with supplies in 9,7 milliards of t) and on areas for a reconstruction and extension of terms of service of operating enterprises (66 areas with supplies 2,7 milliards of t). A basic problem consists of the timely and rational engaging of supplies of coal in exploitation with the purpose of support and increase of capacities of productions of industry.
Substantial reserve of increase of efficiency of coal industry and cutting prime costs coal is utilization of methane. All coal layers in Donbasse (except for superantratsitov) are gas-bearing from a depth 150-500 m (below than area of the gas weathering). Obviously, that it is necessary to examine coal-fields as coal-gases.