One of components of a problem of national safety in Ukraine is loading of warehouses by an ammunition with the expired warranty period of storage. Now on bases and arsenals ÌÎ of Ukraine thousand tons of the various ammunition which is written off or subject to write-off have accumulated. Aerial bombs concern them, rockets, weight ÂÂ in which reaches hundreds and even thousand kgs, and also artillery shells, engineering mines and charges with weight ÂÂ to several kgs (usually no more than 10 kg).

Experience of storage of an ammunition shows, that their sensitivity to external influences in due course, in process of the termination of a warranty period of storage, raises, that is connected with change of properties by which an ammunition is equipped. Despite careful paint and varnish coverings of internal surfaces of the cases adjoining to charge ÂÂ, in them eventually there can be a reaction of interaction or formation more sensitive in comparison with initial ÂÂ connections that raises danger of the further storage of an ammunition.

It is necessary to note one more aspect of long storage of the ammunition, connected with increase vzryvo - and fire danger. Last years, since the end 70 and the beginnings of 80th, manufacture of an ammunition has daily considerably increased. In warehouses and bases the limited capacities of storehouses did not allow to observe demanded conditions of storage, therefore it was supposed to contain, for example, an ammunition on the open areas in stacks under a canopy or a canvas. Such temporary storage often remains to constants. Arriving next parties of an ammunition overflowed territories of warehouses. For building of new storehouses with observance of safe distances the new areas and territories, and building required or underground storehouses of an ammunition is connected with the big material inputs, therefore storehouses were under construction insufficient rates. In these conditions on the open areas for the further storage an ammunition with the expired periods of storage and, hence, with raised vzryvo - and fire danger was transported. Explosions and fires in warehouses of an ammunition have become frequent. The problem was created, it was possible to solve which only by reduction of stocks of an ammunition. The new defensive doctrine, reduction of armed forces, and including conventional armaments, also have led to necessity of reduction of stocks of an ammunition. It was promoted also by an obsolescence of an ammunition. The written off ammunition demands more careful control at the further storage.

Urgency of a theme and research problem statement

The political processes which have happened in the world for last decades, have unexpectedly set absolutely new problem connected with ðàññíàðÿæåíèåì of an ammunition, not used earlier and there are no prospects for further use. The problem decision became especially actual after a number of explosions in warehouses of an ammunition, and the probability of repetition of similar incidents increases. At the same time the variety of industrial explosives (ÏÂÂ) is defined by width of a range of their possible application. Ores suppressing quantity colour and ferrous metals in our country it is extracted on explosive technology, besides ÏÂÂ are used also at mining operations, investigation of bowels (oil deposits), in agriculture, for destructions in the peace purposes (clearing ðóñåë the rivers), at struggle with spontaneous (suppression of fires).

That way which has been chosen earlier - destruction of an ammunition, not rational for two reasons. First, results of the substantiated work of various social classes (scientists, engineers, designers, working), the materials which are frequently valuable enough, spent the electric power, other kinds of energy, and also an expense for equipment amortisation - all it represents irrevocable losses.

Other negative side of destruction of the written off ammunition is connected with infringement (deterioration) of ecology of environment, pollution of soils, superficial and underground waters, vegetation and the air environment. Pollution of a surrounding environment inevitably influences a condition of animals and people. Pollution by elements and connections of heavy metals (lead, mercury, etc.) which concentrate in a human body is especially dangerous, causing heavy illnesses. The damage from such thoughtless actions can be estimated only on expenses for restoration of a surrounding environment to normal or at least to admissible indicators.

According to some information, which were resulted in reports at conferences on problems of recycling of an ammunition, the damage from destruction existing in the presents time of the written off ammunition would make 60 million grn. Therefore it is rather actual, there was a problem of recycling of an ammunition with their subsequent application in various areas.

Technical process of recycling of an ammunition is carried out in return sequence, than at equipment and assemblages, however, as shows experience, quantity of risk factors thus much more, that does process more dangerous, creates higher degree of probability of failures.

In most cases recycling of an ammunition assumes performance of following typical operations:

• removal of a detonator,
• opening of the case for access to explosive,
• extraction of an explosive material,
• subsequent processing ÂÂ and case elements.

Negative aspects of the maintenance of the written off ammunition (danger of their long storage, additional expenses for storage, possibility of their plunder and use by criminal groupings, a damage from destruction of the written off ammunition, an ecological balance disruption of a surrounding environment) testify that

Features of processed materials

Physicomechanical properties of utilised substances

Working out of technologies of recycling of an ammunition has certain specificity which should be considered necessarily at work. First of all, it concerns that fact, that in an ammunition the substances representing considerable potential danger, and first of all in respect of explosion hazard are used sensitive to mechanical and thermal influences. Even casual explosion of one shell in a place where their considerable stocks are concentrated, can lead to tragical consequences.

The second feature is connected by that an ammunition as the product which is subject to recycling, represents, as a rule, the one-piece design which initially has been not calculated on dismantle. It is natural, that extraction from it secondary resources is connected with additional difficulties.

The third feature consists that along with easily utilised metal making an initial ammunition contains rather considerable share of explosives, gunpowder, firm rocket fuel etc. Listed features create a number of additional problems in the course of working out of technology of recycling of an ammunition. The analysis of a design a press As a difficult technical problem of processing of explosive products of long storage, it is frequent with unknown history of operation, recycling should is under construction on a number of main principles:

1. Completeness of processing of an ammunition and their components. Recycling process should provide processing of all elements of products, including fighting parts, throwing charges and engines, means of initiation, a control system, container etc.
2. Safety of conducting process of recycling. Recycling process in some cases is more dangerous, than equipment process as on a number of the objective reasons (the big variety of the designs concentrated in one manufacture, various conditions of storage and operation of concrete products, difficulties of dismantling and extraction of explosives etc.), and owing to the subjective reasons, a small know-how on recycling, organizational questions of delivery of an ammunition on recycling, etc. Therefore should be created a special complex of methods (technologies and the specialised equipment) depending on type of explosives, gunpowder and fuel, gabaritno-weight characteristics of products and their design, and also solve questions of controllable delivery of products on recycling, designing and operation of manufactures, technological discipline and a professional training.
3. Recycling processes should be ecologically pure. At direct burning on open air or explosions in environment the considerable quantity of toxic oxides, salts of heavy metals gets. There is an air pollution, waters and soils. Therefore technologies of recycling should exclude an environment poisoning.
4. Applied processes of recycling should be carried out with the minimum economic losses, and at deep secondary repartitions of received raw materials in recycling places should be economic.

Explosives on the toxic properties concern to I, II, III and to IV classes of danger. About 85 % belongs to extremely dangerous (I class) and highly dangerous (II class) to substances.

Dependence of properties of a material on a method

The basic physical and chemical properties of parties of the trotyl utilised by different methods have been defined.

The most important criterion of quality of trotyl is the temperature of hardening which testifies to cleanliness of a product, and, hence, about its firmness. Temperature of hardening of pure trotyl 80,35-80,85 °C, technical - not more low 80,2-80,5 °C. The Sunlight operates on all isomeasures of trotyl, causing their dimness from white to yellow colour and change of properties (mainly hardening temperatures. Therefore we observe decrease in temperature of hardening of the utilised trotyl to 80,0-80,2 °C.

Other factor which influences chemical firmness, both the trotyl, and a shell cover, the acid maintenance is. Acidity of the utilised product answers norm (does not exceed 0,009 %) and does not depend on a recycling method.

Moisture content and flying substances in trotyl causes its explosive properties as the moisture content increase reduces a susceptibility to a detonation. Therefore it is necessary to pay attention to this characteristic. Since the utilised trotyl is exposed to processing (for example, water or steam influence) the requirement to the maintenance in it of a moisture and flying is underestimated in comparison with pure trotyl (no more than 0,07 % at pure and no more than 0,2 % - at the utilised trotyl). Depending on a method of recycling moisture content fluctuates on the average from 0,02 % at a method of mechanical expression, 0,3-0,4 % at not contact melt, to 0,3-0,7 % at a contact method of a product.

The increase in the maintenance of insoluble impurity can change sensitivity of trotyl. The maintenance of impurity in an analyzed product answers norm. [1,2]

The analysis of a design of a press

All the press can be classified on following most essential features:

1. By the form a drive: mechanical and hydraulic;
2. On character of movement of a processed product: cars automatic machines with periodic and continuous movement of a pressed draught;
3. By position of an axis of moving of the basic working bodies: vertical and horizontal execution;
4. On a way of pressing: unilateral and bilateral pressing;
5. On character of movement of working bodies at pressing: continuous pressing and pressing with stops, in that specific case - with endurance of the pressed draught under maximum pressure;
6. By quantity of steps of pressing: one-stage and multistage pressing when between separate steps of pressing for the purpose of release of air from preliminary pressed draught and removal of pressure is made for alignment of internal pressure in a draught before the following stage of pressing with more high pressure;
7. As devices for indemnification of pressure of pressing: with the mechanical, hydraulic jack of pressure. The pressure jack supports pressure in the set limits and protects executive mechanisms from an overload.

Figure 1-Press

Besides the general requirements, such as high efficiency, profitability, simplicity of a design, convenience of service and repair, to a press for consolidation of explosive materials are shown a number of the specific requirements caused by sensitivity of the condensed material to mechanical influences (to blow, shift, a friction). It first of all smooth (without pushes and blows) the press work, the raised durability and reliability of its knots and details, presence of reliable safety devices from excess of pressure of pressing, possibility of remote control by a press and its fast stop in emergencies.

Increased requirements are shown to a design of the press. Moving details and the mechanisms of a press transferring the big efforts, should be tightly closed, that particles and a dust of explosive materials did not get on their contacting surfaces.

To the listed requirements most full satisfy hydraulic the press, smoothness of a course and universality, possibility of regulation concern their advantages over a wide range of effort and speed of pressing, independence of the specified parametres of table position. They are supplied by more reliable, than at the mechanical press, regulating and safety devices.[4]

Safety of manufactures

Process of recycling of an ammunition is dangerous process because of presence of additional operations at which substances is exposed to mechanical and thermal influence, and also that the "grown old" substances (stored in products and incorporating products of decomposition and, probably, products of their interaction with the product case) are exposed to this influence.

Now complexity in safety maintenance consists in definition of degree of danger of an arriving ammunition. Depending on conditions of storage an ammunition arrives with a various condition of container. So an ammunition arrives in the destroyed decayed container if it is drums - that partially decayed bars, at boxes - rotten bottoms and even the face parties, therefore cargo handling works, transportation of an ammunition is complicated and unsafe, probably, loss of products from container.

It is necessary to notice, that on recycling the ammunition which is in the office reference - rusty, having damages and defects of the case more often arrive.

For the majority of products the most dangerous operation is extraction of substance from the ammunition case. For the others operations of dismantling of products in whole or its elements are defining. Special danger operations of extraction completing (head and ground glasses represent, extraction of draughts-detonators) as the majority of them at equipment has been put on a first coat or a fixer. These operations of recycling of an ammunition in a technological chain are not only the most labour-consuming, but also explosive. Weight of consequences from possible extreme situations at dismantling of an ammunition can be very considerable.

There are unresolved questions on maintenance of safety of recycling of an ammunition. Therefore so actions for an exchange of experience and development of perspective directions for the decision of this challenge are important.

Conclusions

Exclusively important principle and the requirement in the course of dismantling of technological processes and the equipment for recycling is creation of ecologically pure manufactures and sites. In the course of industrial recycling of an ammunition in water, air, soil harmful substances, first of all explosive can arrive, and to have negative influence on the person and environment.

On the basis of results of calculations and ideology of the developed technological processes and the equipment principles and the technical decisions excluding or sharply reducing emissions of harmful substances in atmosphere, water and soil have been put in pawn.

The design of each car demands an economic substantiation of its expediency. This substantiation should be under construction on data of the technical and economic analysis of industrial qualities of the car. As object of manufacture the car should be simple and cheap, demand the minimum expenses of work and time for preparation, its manufactures and development and to suppose its economically expedient application by manufacture of the advanced methods of technology. As object of operation the car should possess the corresponding set characteristics (productivity, load-carrying capacity etc.) to be convenient at service and repair, reliable and economical in work to provide possibility of its use with the least number of workers at a guarantee of their full safety. Among the technical and economic indicators, the size of demanded capital investments has defining economic efficiency, especially great value.

The literature

1. GOST 4117 - 78. Trotyl for industrial explosives. Technical installations.
2. GOST 14839 - 91. Substances the explosive industrial
3. GOST 5984 - 99. Substances explosive. Methods of definition of shattering effect
4. Ammonits not safety. Typical technological process of manufacturing OST 84 - 2020 - 82

© DonNTU, Chervonenko Alexandr 2008