INTRODUCTION

 

 The continuing building boom in Ukraine has a typical particularity: its base is an erection new and reconstruction of the old buildings and buildings, answering more hard requirements -functionality and comfort, which approximate to European and worldwide standard. Concerns this luxurious dwelling, premises different diplomatic and trade representation, financial structures, state institutions, offices of the most varied companies and companies, everywhere and around we see active introduction received to us from - for border modern building technology. One of the most popular directions in recently became using "dry" methods of the decorating of the internal premises with using           gypsum cardboard.

Gypsum cardboard presents itself plate, consisting of two layers special of the paperboard with layer from gypsum mixture. The gypsum is uninflammable, incombustible material. It does not contain the toxic component and has acidity, similar acidity of the human skin, its production and use does not render the bad influence upon environment. Facing paperboard, traction which with gypsum is provided to account of the using gluing additives, plays the role connecting additives. Besides this beautiful central to fixing any decorating material (plaster, wallpaper, paint, ceramic tile and others.). On its physical and hygienic characteristics paperboard ideal suits for dwelling premises.

On Ukrainian market gypsum cardboard  is presented only several foreign companies : KNAUF (Germany), LAFARGE (France) Austrian-polish RIGIPS.

Follows to note enterprises, concerning with sale of gypsum cardboard  in its assortment have as well as collateral materials: skeleton metallic profiles and binding elements to them, wallpaper, plasters, putty mass, glue, self - sticky tapes, necessary instruments and etc.

 

URGENCY OF THE SUBJECT AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM OF THE STUDY.

 

Gypsum cardboard is central constitutive   position at dry method of internal decorating of the buildings and erections. Gypsum cardboard systems are used according to standard in hospitals, airports, hotels, restaurants, banks, shops, offices, exhibitions and gymnasiums, as well as in housing construction. The decisive superiority of such systems is in simplicity of the use of different heat and sound isolation materials, which are put between wall and gypsum cardboard. The second advantage concerns various communications - electric, sanitary and any others. That is to say, all pipes, cables, wire are hidden under ăčďńîęŕđňîííűé sheet, and access to them greatly simple. Gypsum cardboard pertains to group hard-combustible material and is a good fire – protective   material; possesses the heat- protective characteristic. The coefficient of heat-productivity  in 3.5 times lower, than  brickwork has, besides this sheets with  thickness 9.5 mm provide sound isolation  42 DB that corresponds to the sound isolation  a wall in half of the brick. Gypsum cardboard plates have high flexibility, little are deformed when change of the temperature and moisture of the air. But most main that these systems have a small weight so no such big load on overlapping, as brick partition have. Consequently, framework of the building and foundation possible to do relieve that will vastly reduce the price of the construction. The plus from ăčďńîęŕđňîííűő systems hereto, as from clay, possible model all that is pleased, of them possible to create the most varied forms - wave-like, zigzag etc. Do anything like from brick is much hard and expensive, but from gypsum cardboard is vastly more simply and more cheaply.

 

USING OF THE GYPSUMCARDBOARD SYSTEMS.

  

According to existing standard (the GOST 6266 - 97) gypsum cardboard can be the following types:  GKL is usual, standard; GKLO is refractory; GKLV is moisture stable; GKLVO is a fire  and moisture stable  . Itself gypsum cardboard   sheet can be the length two - three meters. There is lightened with thickness 9,5 mms, and there is standard - 12,5 mm. Exist else special sheets 15 mms, which have begun to release in Ukraine at the factory companies LAFARGE. There are not special difficulties in montage of the gypsum cardboard design. If person with hand and head, except descriptions of the using he needs nothing. The main difficulty is a correct sectoring. Single, for puttying of the joints it  is  necessary for a worker determined qualification or experience of the work. Gypsum cardboard sheets do not bear up "deathly", but are inserted in directing slots and fasten to framework screw, then framework is nailed with screws to wall or ceiling. Additional reinforcement is profiles. But the whole system differs with big toughness, it can not destroy mechanically , it is unlikely, but it is easy and   quickly dismantled and so any replanning of the premises does not present problem.

In contrast with Ukraine Germany releases much more varieties of the gypsum cardboard , including for protection from x-ray and radioactive radiation. The German even do the bulletproof systems with use of the gypsum cardboard. Its size is 1,2 m, edge goes standard. But, hardly, these specific and very expensive materials can interest someone, at present our consumers strive to maximum of reducing the price of construction.

Gypsum cardboard, which is produced in Ukraine, is made on such equipment and on the same technologies, as on all rest enterprises of the companies KNAUF all over the world, and quite as much ecological clean. The truth, on plants of the company KNAUF in Germany there are some technical differences: in process of the fabrication in pulp, roughly speaking, original porridge,   which is a central to production of gypsum core, is added cellulose. Follows to note that made in Ukraine gypsum cardboard is much more cheaply, than delivered from Germany, but on all its technical parameter practically it does not yield and allows to get it enough smooth and even surfaces of different configuration - bent, concave and etc.

 

INFLUENCE OF THE STARTING RAW MATERIAL  UPON EQUIPMENT.

 

The quality of the gypsum cardboard  , in the first place, is provided with raw material. Main materials for production of the gypsum cardboard are a builder building gypsum and paperboard. Besides it is used: boosters are  additives, using for reception of quick time of  crystallization necessary from  for more high velocity of the line (the potash, sulphates ammonium and etc); the eterrents  are additives, used for compensation thick influences of the boosters and offsets of initial time of crystallizations in mixer (the organic acids, acrils, polyacril  acid mixtures and etc); the pore – constitutive  material (acril- ethereal sulphate); the additives for improvement of the traction of the paperboard with gypsum mass (the starch). The production of the gypsum cardboard includes: preparation of forming mass, preparing of the paperboard, shaping the unceasing tape, cutting it to the separate  sheets, drying of the sheets in tunnel dryers, packing in trays. In process of the production each of components of the raw material has   the certain influence upon equipment. That is why it is necessary to work out technological process, which will reduce to minimum this influence and this will in turn promote increasing to capacity, reduction of prime cost of the product.

Let’s  consider influence upon working of the   equipment one of the component  of the raw material, for instance, starch, which is a natural material and answers  to the high ecological requirements. In process of the production of the gypsum cardboard  plates using of the starch as connecting component is based on presence of moisture which gelatins under raised temperature, migrates to surfaces of the plate promoting splicing crystal of gypsum with surface of the paperboard and forming the strong plate. The efficient influence of the starch in the most measure reveals itself at the temperature 80 Ń-90 Ń. The positive sides of the  technology of the  production of the gypsum cardboard  plates with using starched connecting component is an ecological purity of production, high toughness of products, possibility of economy of the resource (the reduction of the expenses of the power systems, reduction of the wear-out of the equipment). However, this depends on sharing of the starch in structure of the gypsum cardboard stocking up; from the temperature of the drying of the plate; from amount of the starch in 1 m of the plate for different production (the velocity of the moving of the stocking up) .    Performed researches have shown that non-observance of the enumerated requirements brings about breach of the technological process of production: probability of rubbish of the dryer increases, it leads to stop of the conveyor. Herewith: the knife abrades, the milling cutter, passages of the dryer are rammed.

So clear observance of the technological process of  production promotes increasing of the  capacity and quality of the gypsum cardboard  plates, reduction of the  prime cost of produced product and of economy of the resource: the consumption of the power system falls (including working of  the equipment in mode starting - a stop, as well as in mode of the output of each sections of the dryer on it working parameters); the wear-out a working organs of the equipment decreases; time for servicing of  the equipment and time of the cycle of production one plate  grows shorter.

 

CONCLUSION

 

The materials based on of the gypsum possess the ability to breathe that is to say absorb surplus moisture and exude it in environment at shortage. They correspond to the high ecological rate and requirements to product, as big part of forming components of  present itself natural materials of the high purity. Gypsum cardboard  plates are nontoxic, hard burned, possess the heat - and sound isolation characteristics, it is enough high for decorating materials with physical and  mechanical characteristics, are easy assembled and are unmounted when performing decorating work Using of the gypsum cardboard    when undertaking decorating work enables to exclude "wet" processes, herewith vastly increases capacity of the labor, is given possibility of realization of unlimited in idea, multiversion architectural decisions, including device of the curvilinear surfaces, general economy of the expenses for construction is reached with account of the relief of designs of the building, is provided not only ecological purity, but also favorable for person microclimate indoors.

The potential of the using of  gypsum cardboard  plates  is enormous, considering that need for them of the building market of the Ukraine has crossed for 30 mln.kv.m. per annum and constantly continues to grow.

 

 

Literature

1. THE GOST 6266 - 97. Gypsum cardboard  plates and dry mixture. The technical features.

2.www.gypsum.lafarge.ua

3. www.knauf-gips.dn.ua

4.   Volzhenskiy A.V.,Ferronskaya A.V.   Gypsum products (technology, characteristic, using ).M.STROYIZDAT, 1974, 328.