Bank-protection areas and off-shore bars
Technology of establishment of bank-protection areas and off-shore defence zones
A man utillizes water for many needs: bathing, washing linen, doing dishes, cleaning up of habitation, watering green planting etc. It is generally known, swingeing majority of cities and villages are located near the rivers, lakes, other reservoirs, which are utillized as water-ways, energy sources, places of mass rest of people.
The supplies of water on the Earth are enormous. It covers about 75 percents of earthly surface. A problem consists in that swingeing majority of waters is made by salt waters of the World ocean. It is a 97.4 percent of all of supplies of water of the Earth. Only a 2.6 percent is made by fresh waters from which 1.6 percent is bound in glaciers. So, only 1 percent of fresh waters is in the consumable state.
The deficit of fresh water told very sharply in many countries with the increase of quantity of population on our planet, by growth of industrial potential. It becomes in the direct value of precious. A situation is continuously worsened. To 2050 year the quantity of population on the Earth can make 8-10 milliards of people. Needs in the greater amount of commodities and services, for the production of which water is needed, will increase. Increase of population on 2-4 milliards of people will increase a requirement in a drinking-water. As a result water can become inaccessible for a production and for a man.
Futurologies assert that the wars for a drinking-water would be in the future. Already now the more than milliard of people are deprived high-quality drinking-water. A difficult situation was folded in Azia-Pacific ocean region (Bangkok, Thailand, Sonth Korea, Japan), in the pools of the rivers as Nil, Tiger, Evfrat. A lot of droughty districts of planet suffer from long droughts, the booty of underwaters takes a place quick, than their renewal. Contamination worses quality of drinking-water and diminishes its supplies. It is therefore necessary to utillize the limited supplies of fresh water carefully, rationally and more effective.
People are expected by the deficit of drinking-water which increases constantly. The least supplies of water are in the rivers - 0.0001% from its general amount on the Earth, in an atmosphere - in 10 times anymore, and there are much drinking water in underwaters, its quantity is more in 3000 times than in the rivers. Therefore all of greater population utillizes these waters. Its enormous supplies are in mountain glaciers and arctic ices, icebergs (28.5 millions cube. km or 2.15% from its general supplies on the Earth). A lot of other countries of the world feel the sharp lack of fresh water. Therefore providing of all of needs of man by clean fresh water and guard of waters are pulled out in the row of major tasks of contemporaneity. [1]
Potential of water resources of Ukraine is very limited. The general supplies of its water resources are made by 94 milliards of m3 in a middle on a hydraulicity year. The supplies of water resources are evened about 1.7 thousand of m3 per capita in the same year, in a shallow year - 1 thousand of m3, in Donetsk, Lugansk, Kharkov areas and in Crimea - 0.24-0.50 thousands of m3. On the whole, supplies of water are in 15 times less in our country, than in Russian Federation.
Ukraine is the most shallow state in Europe.
All of water objects present its water fund on the territory of Ukraine. They are:
a) surface-water: natural reservoirs (lakes); rivers, brooks; ornamental waters (storage pools, rates) and ductings; other water objects;
b) underwaters and sources;
c) internal salt waters and territorial sea.
Activation of dangerous geological processes is observed on the coast of seas and almost all of water objects of country during the last years. Destruction of banks of water objects influences on the use of banks and near-by to them territories, results to worsening of ecological terms, origin of extraordinary situations, failures and catastrophes, especially in cities and settlements, where negative influence of natural factors increases by technogenic factors.
Destruction of banks of water objects and coast of Maureies brings almost 120 hectares over of off-shore earths to the loss every year, including territory of cities and settlements.
An ecological situation, which was folded on most rivers and reservoirs, is related to imperfection of the conducted bank-protection measures. In particular, it is necessary to accept a row of measures which would prevent or decrease anthropogenic influence on water objects. [3]
A bearing-out in nature and fixing on locality of bank-protection areas and off-shore bars along the rivers and reservoirs is major from such measures, which are developed with the purpose of creation of the favourable mode for water objects, warning of their contamination and obstruction. The scopes of off-shore bars are determined by the specially developed projects which, also, determine the mode of economic activity.
A "bank-protection area is nature protection territory of the managed economic activity, where the favourable mode of water objects is created, measures are carried out with the purpose of guard them from contamination, obstruction and exhaustion, elimination of amount of nearwater plants and animals, and also diminishing of vibrations of flow along the small rivers, Maureies, lakes, storage pools and other reservoirs" in obedience to the current legislation of Ukraine.
It is necessary to expose essence of concept "Off-shore defence zonal" at determination of concept "Bank-protection area", because it is a part of bank-protection area. Off-shore defence zonal is a part of bank-protection area of the proper width along the river, where the strickter mode of economic activity is set. [2]
The sizes of bank-protection areas are determined taking into account a hypsography, vegetable cover, pattern of their use and are conformed with the organs on adjusting of the use and guard of waters and earth of local executive public authorities (the sizes of bank-protection areas and off-shore defences zonal are set in the Water code of Ukraine, and also in DBN 360-92**). The off-shore bars of the rivers are set on both banks of the rivers along a level of water breadthways, m
a) for the rivers long an over 100 km____to 100
b) for the rivers long 50-100 km________to 50
c) for the rivers long to 50 km_________no less than 20
Off-shore bars are set breadthways no less than a 20 m from a level of water along the banks of reservoirs, that answers the normal level of reservoir.
It is necessary to accept the sizes of bank-protection areas at planning of new settlements no less, m:
a) for storage pools________________500
b) for small rivers long to 50 km_______100
c) for rivers long 50-100 km inclusive___200
d) for rivers long an over 100-200 km___300
Contradiction between town-planning norms and other legislative and methodical documents in the field of establishment of sizes of bank-protection area and off-shore defence zonal exists in Ukraine now. The legal mode of bank-protection areas and off-shore defences zonal is certain by the current legislation of Ukraine, but a lot of its norms need revision by bringing changes to them and realization of additions.
Information about the objects of management, i.e. about water resources and their surroundings, is necessary for achievement of effective water control in the country. A large extent and situation on all of territory of Ukraine and contiguous states are the features of water, aquicultural and other objects (rivers, lakes, exterminating, ductings, storage pools, hydrotechnical buildings). The presence of information about the exact site of objects, their mutual location and intercommunication influences on quality of administrative decisions, that are accepted and realized on different levels: national, pool, territorial and local substantial appearance.
The wide use of GIS-technologies allowes to cite data, got from the electronic and paper field magazines, in the certain set of results of the geodesic measurings. In future it will allow to carry out monitoring of nature protection measures, conduct works on research, analysis, actualization of situation. It is possible to analyse a situation on any stage of time due to facilities of operative systematization of graphic and attributive information which are supported in GIS. It allows to decide tasks on planning of works, creation of thematic maps, to develop the plans of water control with the purpose of calculation of enough body of water for future generations without serious losses to the environment taking into account processes which determine quality of water resources. Possibility of watching of further changes is allowed by GIS by an irreplaceable instrument for the rapid receipt of necessary information, storage and processing of data, construction of statistical models of different subject. Decision of all of these tasks, and also a further conduct and creation of digital maps will be effectively realized due to powerful facilities of GIS-technologies, which help to step back from the traditional methods of "causing a pencil" in an appendix to the sphere of guard of water resources. [6]
The row of the informative systems functions, and also the new systems are developed presently in Ukraine. The analysis of the decided tasks and functional possibilities of the existent informative systems rotined that the same information appeared in different systems, functionings autonomically. All of information, necessary for water control, characterizes the geographically up-diffused objects. The existent automated systems do not cover all of great number of tasks, related to providing of informative support of operative and strategic water control country.
Technology of establishment of bank-protection areas by GIS-technologies (namely software product of ArcGis) is studied in detail in this work on a concrete example for further introduction it in practice.
Graphic part with drawing of scopes of bank-protection area and off-shore defence zonal, functional zones of territory and analytical part with the project of local rules of building and land-tenure is the result of this performance. [7]
Determination of the building mode and use of lot lands, that adjoin to water spaces, is one of major questions in the conditions of the bad ecological state, shortage of drinking-water, requiring payment using earth. A primary purpose is the rational and effective use of off-shore territories, taking into account creation and support of friendly to the residence man of environment, defence of rights for a proprietor and user of the landed resources, bringing in of earths in an economic turn and increase of their investment attractiveness.
Approaches and technology of establishment of scopes of bank-protection area and off-shore defence zonal were considered in this work. They are directed on the settlement of relations of person buildings and earthusers, improvement and more effective use a management territory.
A question of designing and land-tenure of off-shore territories is not simple, needs development of method of ground and establishment of bank-protection area and off-shore defence zones in different places, further researching and making alteration in a normatively-legislative base.
- "Экономический факультет". Тема 4: Факторы производства в мировом хозяйстве. Ресурсный потенциал современной цивилизации. [Электронный адрес]: http://books.efaculty.kiev.ua/mek/2/g4/6.html
- Українська річкова мережа. Інформація про водоохоронні зони. [Електронна адреса]: http://www.uarivers.net/ukr_rvrs/ukr_riv10_1.htm
- Доклад: Реки Украины. Информация по качеству воды в стране. [Электронный адрес]: http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-17215.html
- Мамченко В. "Водоохранные законы неоднозначны". Противоречия в водном законодательстве. [Электронный адрес]: http://sobitie.com.ua/2006/03/16/vodooxrannye-zakony-neodnoznachny/
- Максименко М. Молодший юрист ЮФ «Спенсер & Кауфманн». "Про можливість будівництва у прибережних захисних смугах уздовж річок і на островах". [Электронный адрес]: http://www.legalweekly.com.ua/article/?uid=614
- Радионов Г.П., Купецкая Т.А., Рудов А.И. "Проектирование водоохранных зон с применением ПО ESRI". [Электронный адрес]: http://www.dataplus.ru/Arcrev/Number_36/14_zone2.html
- Алексеев В.В., Куракина Н.И., Орлова Н.В., Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет «ЛЭТИ», Санкт-Петербург. "Геоинформационная система мониторинга водных объектов и нормирования экологической нагрузки". [Электронный адрес]: http://www.dataplus.ru/Arcrev/Number_36/9_StGIS.html
© DonNTU 2009 S.Malikov