Èñòî÷íèê: www.itc.nl/library/Papers_2004/phd/stoter.pdf
Multilevel use of land is not new. In the Middle Ages cellars below roads along
wharfs (werfkelders) already existed in Dutch cities, and for more
than a century stores, workplaces, pubs and even houses, have been situated under
railway viaducts. How are 3D situations like this recorded in the current cadastral
registration; what are the complications of these recordings, and why has the question
for a 3D cadastre only been raised recently? To answer these questions, first an
inventory has been made of current cadastral recordings of the Netherlands’ Kadaster
in which the 3D aspects of registration are considered. Results of this inventory will
be described in this chapter. The aim of the inventory is to get a clear view on the
cadastral domain on which the 3D cadastral research should focus.
Many types of cadastres exist based on country specific characteristics such as local
cultural heritage, physical geography, land use, technology etc. The type of a cadastre
(organisation, technical implementation etc.) influences needs as well as possibilities
for 3D registration. Therefore this chapter starts with a short introduction of different
classifications of cadastral registrations.
After an introduction into the registration of the Netherlands’ Kadaster, the
types of cadastral recordings according to Dutch Private Law for which 3D aspects
might be relevant are described, followed by a description of types of 3D cadastral
recordings according to Dutch Public Law .
Traditionally, cadastral registrations consisted of a set of cadastral maps containing
cadastral parcels with (mostly) unique parcel numbers and a paper archive in
which property information on parcels was maintained. Since the end of the last
century cadastral registrations in developed countries have been converted from analogue
cadastral registrations into digital registrations. Spatial information on parcels
is no longer maintained on paper maps but in GIS and CAD or even more sophisticatedly
in spatial DBMSs. Information on property and other information that is
nowadays registered in cadastral registrations (mortgage, soil pollutions, monuments)
is no longer (only) maintained in paper archives but in cadastral databases. A link
is maintained between the digital cadastral map and the cadastral administrative
database. The link provides the possibility to query the spatial part and administrative
part of cadastral registration and combine the results. In more advanced systems
it is possible to query the spatial and administrative part of cadastral registration in
one integrated environment.
Cadastres can be classified in many ways, based on different criteria e.g. as proposed
in [53]:
• primary function (e.g. supporting taxation, conveyancing, land distribution, or
multipurpose land management activities);
• the types of rights recorded (e.g. private ownership, use rights, mineral leases,
public law restrictions);
• the degree of responsibility in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the data
(e.g. complete state mandate, shared public and private responsibility);
• location and jurisdiction (e.g. urban and rural cadastres; centralised and decentralised
cadastres);
• the many ways in which information about the parcels is collected (e.g. ground
surveys tied to geodetic control, uncoordinated ground surveys and measurements,
aerial photography, digitising existing historical records, etc).
All these factors determine the required resolution and scale of spatial data, the type
and characteristics of data recorded in both thematic and geometrical attributes,
and the organisational and professional responsibility for managing the data. Consequently,
these factors also influence the need for 3D cadastral registration in a specific
country and how the 3D issue is or will be approached.
In and different classifications are proposed to describe most common
alternatives for cadastral (and land) registration.