Yulya Suhomlin

Faculty of ecology and chemical technologes
Speciality: Ecology of chemical productions

Development the conception of complex use of low-weight industrial wastes and municipal solid wastes in Donetsk region

Scientific adviser: professor Yuriy Belogurov

Abstract

    Due to the large technological load the level of environmental pollution in the Donetsk region is rather high. The consumption waste is one of the most important factors of environmental pollution, thus negatively affecting all its components. The infiltration from buried waste on grounds, dust formation in the process of their location, wind and water erosion and some other factors of polluted substances migration result in air pollution as well as surface water and land recourses. Besides there are a lot of illegal dumps on the territory of the given region. It proves the fact that the system of domestic waste storage is far from being perfect.

    The problem of solid domestic waste is very urgent not only in the Donetsk region and Ukraine as a whole but in the whole world as well.

    This problem is very difficult to solve because of the increasing amount of waste.

    Besides the understanding of waste composition isn’t simple. The difference of waste composition is seen not only in different countries but in all regions as well. The study and the characteristics of waste composition are connected with great difficulties because of large amount of components, charges of their parts due to climatic conditions, seasons and time.

    The data analysis of Tasis Project “The improvement of management system of solid domestic waste in the Donetsk region of Ukraine” shows that in the composition of solid domestic waste the main part is food waste and siftings, including ash from stove heating. There are much paper, plastics and glass.

    Food waste humidity varies from 60 % to 70 % in spring and (80 – 85) % in summer and autumn. Urban waste include (30 – 35) % of combustibles and (20 – 40) % of noncombustible ballast: metal, glass, ceramics. Ballast impurities of food waste are bones, glass and pottery breakage, metal covers and tins. The composition of solid domestic waste becomes more complicated including many harmful (dangerous) components for the ecology on our planet. They are spent chemical current sources, means of chemical packing, pesticide waste, paints, luminescence lamps etc [1].

    The composition of solid domestic waste includes:

• mercury – about 100 milligrams for each luminescence lamp;
• pesticides and medicines;
• oxidizers (bleach compositions), synthetic surface active substances, paint components (heavy metals) up to (3 – 5) % of their purchase amount;
• spent chemical sources of current – heavy metals, manganese, zinc, acid, lead;
• polymeric materials – initial components for involuntary dioxins synthesis and other xenobiotics.

    The aim of the given research work is to work out the conception of solid domestic waste use in the Donetsk industrial city, particularly the working out of the Program of low-weight industrial waste use, namely luminescence lamps containing mercury, being the components of SDV.

    The problems of the given research work are:

1. To study the situation of solid domestic waste in the Donetsk region in Ukraine as well as abroad.
2. To take into account the existing methods of processing and utilization of solid domestic waste in Ukraine and the experience of foreign countries as well.
3. To work out the complex method of solid domestic waste utilization allowing the use of their recourse potential.
4. To study all possible methods of filtrate utilization of Sanitary grounds.
5. To investigate the legal rules of waste use, solid domestic waste of the first class danger.
6. To work out the scheme use of luminescence lamps containing mercury to prevent from their getting into the solid domestic waste composition.
7. To suggest making certain changes as to legal regulations in the sphere of harmful waste use.

    At present time about 98 % of solid domestic waste in Ukraine are deposited on the grounds, most of which don’t meet the sanitary-epidemiological standards, 2 % are liquidated by incinerators.

    There methods aren’t rational because the resource valuable raw material isn’t extracted from the waste.

    In this work the complex method of solid domestic waste utilization is observed. This conception suggests the following actions in the sphere of solid domestic waste use:

• the implementation of reconstruction of existing and the organization of new container grounds;
• the reconstruction of existing municipal services gradually replacing obsolete and worn out special techniques. Such measures will allow to transport solid domestic waste to the sorting places and their removal, to serve container grounds and containers as well, to clean the territories of settlement quickly and qualitatively;
• the implementation of dust sorting in order to extract the secondary resources, waste of the first and second classes of danger, to press the secondary raw material and the rest of “tails” into the batches. Solid domestic waste passing through dust sorting factories (plants) will allow to minimize the waste volume located on the ground increasing the service term of ground by 2 – 4 times. The sorting is carried out by hand;
• the removal of batched “tails” on the “Sanitary” grounds;
• sorted and batched secondary resource must be transported to the enterprises that perform the processing of the given waste.

    Nevertheless such solution of the problem of solid domestic waste use doesn’t eliminate the getting of low-weight industrial waste into their composition. While collecting and transporting, the pollution of solid domestic waste with mercury has taken place because of the breakage during loading and unloading and transporting of luminescence lamps containing mercury. And, of course, it’s very harmful (dangerous) for people’s health.

    We propose the principle scheme of low-weight industrial waste use. Thus in the sphere of luminescence lamps, use the following measures are supposed:

• the collection at the enterprise that forms such waste on special places for temporary storage;
• the collection of low-weight industrial waste at specialized enterprises, the storage and transportation of waste containing mercury at factories (plants) processing such kinds of waste.

    The largest and the only plant in Ukraine that processes waste containing mercury is situated in the Donetsk region – “Nikitrtut”.

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