Автор: Kostenko
Victor,
Shaforostova Marina
Источник:
Zesyty
naukowe politechniki Slaskiej, seria:
Gornictwo, 2008, № 1798, Р. 431-439.
Kostenko
Victor,
Shaforostova
Marina.
Rational
of bowels - a way to the decision of ecological, social and economic
problems of coal-mining branch.
Рассмотрены системы блочного
моделирования. Исследовано моделирование уравнения гармонического
осциллятора. Проведено сравнение моделирующих сред.
Necessity
of complex and rational use of bowels both with economic, and with
ecological
the points of view is considered. The expediency of use of metane,
underground
waters is shown, to geothermal energy, rare elements. Lack of experts
of the
given structure of
Geological
and mine technical conditions of working
off of coal deposits of Donbass are one of the most difficult in the
world. The
big depth of development of layers of low power at rather small
durability of
rocks, danger of emission layers
of coal and layers of sandstones, significant plenty
of gas of the
files,
the raised level of temperature, out-of-date technologies of
extraction, a
deterioration of a fixed capital of mines and other reasons have caused
high
labour input and the cost price of a coal mining. Today it is much
higher than
its market cost, that negatively influences competitiveness of a wide
spectrum
of the nomenclature of production which make with use of
During
2006 under the direction of
Economic
and environmental problems have generated
social disorders among which the most difficult is outflow from branch
of the
qualified efficient staff. Low prestigiousness of the miner's work,
unreasoned
re-structuring of the enterprises have generated a number of social
problems in
mining regions: lack of workplaces, unemployment, degradation of
settlements
and degeneration of an infrastructure of small miner's cities and so on.
Together
with economic and social the circuit of
environmental problems of branch and mountain regions (tab. 1) is saved
up.
Influences on an atmosphere consists in significant emissions with
ventilating
streams of hydrocarbonic gases and dioxides of carbon that promotes a
hotbed
effect. Process infiltration metane
from old manufactures on a surface is long-term
during tens years. At burning waste heaps the
significant volume of toxic and harmful gases is created. Besides at
underground and superficial technological processes the significant
weight of
aerosols, including cancerogenic and radioactive is allocated.
Simultaneously
with each ton of the extracted coal on
a surface pump out about three cubic metre mineralizing
mine waters. At processing clearing
works spoil water horizons
which contain stocks of water of drinking standard. Besides on these
territories
bogs are frequently formed.
Emptiness
that remain in bowels after flooding mines,
in due course lose resistance and collapse, that is accompanied by
intensive
deformations and creation of failures on a surface. The mountain
weight,
underground waters and gases which leave on a surface, have the raised
temperature and a radio-activity that results in negative change of a
condition
of the certain physical fields near to mines.
In
view
of established facts, «The concept of
development of the coal industry of Ukraine» which provides
achievement of
economic equation of branch in macroeconomic structure of the state due
to
maintenance of financial self-sufficiency of the enterprises by scale
re-structuring and application of modern mechanisms of market
transformations
has been developed. It is offered at distribution of public funds for
support
of branch to pay the basic attention extremely on the most perspective,
so-called basic, mines for achievement on them expanded manufacture,
escalatings of volumes of extraction and improvement of economic
parameters of
work. Other mines need to be financed by a residual principle,
proceeding from
the allocated volumes of the state support. To this group the
enterprises which
demand base reconstruction with a stop of industrial activity, belong
to
preservation and liquidation. Assignment of state support to group of
basic
mines on capital construction and modernisation should be carried out
on a
competitive basis.
Table
1
The
basic kinds of negative
influence of the mines on an environment
|
Component of an environment |
A kind of negative influence |
Sources of occurrence |
|
atmosphere |
gas impurity |
·issue in manufactures from a file and
infiltration on a
surface .the centers of burning of breeds and coal
|
|
|
aerosols |
·destruction of a file by mountain tools
and water · termodestruction coal and breeds, which burn |
|
hydrosphere |
chemical compounds |
·
dissolution of rocks ·
flow of oils |
|
|
the weighed substances |
mixing with products destruction of breeds |
|
|
change of a hydrological mode |
formation depressive soaking up hole |
|
surface |
deformations of a relief and
constructions |
displacement fulfilled
breeds |
|
|
destruction of the fertile grounds |
warehousing breeds in waste heaps and industrial territories |
|
|
formation of bogs |
displacement подработанной
surfaces and water horizons |
|
bowels |
the unsteady emptiness |
dredging mountain weight |
|
physical fields |
are raised temperature and radiation |
delivery on a surface of the radioactive
gases heated up
by geothermal heat, waters and mountain weight |
Besides
basic positions of the concept of development
of the coal industry also are:
·
change
of a price policy with coal production of
power assignment;
·
wide
use
of
modern methods of financing of programs technical equipment of mines;
·
attraction
of investments on the state coal-mining
enterprises;
·
use the
complex approach at use of bowels.
It
is
necessary to note, that the further development
of domestic economy is impossible without decrease in the cost price of
our
basic energy carrier – coal. Among scientifically proved ways
of
achievement of
it the most effective and rather fast is the complex approach to
development of
coal deposits at which decrease in the cost price of production reach
due to
reception of the additional income of realization of in passing
extracted
products. Such sources of the income is metane, underground waters,
geothermal
energy, rare minerals and other (tab. 2).
Besides
the complex approach to development of coal
deposits allows to increase a level of safety of works and to reduce
anthropogenous loading of mountain manufacture by an environment that
gets
special value within the framework of action of
the
Kioto report.
Analyzing
the given information, it is possible to
draw a conclusion, that reception of the additional profit is possible
as due
to additional processing the basic product – coal, and
adjusting
manufacture
and sale of gaseous, liquid and firm substances, and also utilizing
heat.
Mines
and are capable to deliver concentrating
factories to
consumers not only ordinary coal and a concentrate, and to alter them
in more
valuable products, for example, in semi-coke, receiving in parallel
phenolic compounds,
pitches, coke gas, etc. Realization of such assortment of production
allows to
improve economic parameters of the enterprise essentially. In the long
term
attractive there is a processing of
finely
crushed coal in fuel briquettes with the small contents of sulfur and
increased
warmly ability.
In connection with a rise in prices on
fuel for engines of internal combustion there are competitive
technologists hydrogenesis
of coal
for
reception of gasoline and solar oils.
The
important source of the additional profit for
mines is metane. It agrees forecasts till 2020 global issue of coal
metane in
equivalent CO2 will
achieve 560 million tons (in 2000 – 440 million tons). The
part
of the
ukrainian mines in it will make about 7 %. This volume of metane can be
compared to a consumption level of natural gas in the country.
Table
2
The
basic directions of
rational use
of bowels
|
Raw material |
A way of processing |
An end-product |
|
Coal |
Additional physical and chemical
processing sub-standard
coal |
·
liquid fuel ·
semi-coke ·
chemical products ·
fuel briquettes |
|
Metane and other combustible gases |
The previous and accompanying
decontamination of a hills. Uses of ventilating metane. Decontamination of the produced space. |
·
a gas concentrate ·
motor fuel ·
the electric power ·
heat ·
impurity to fuel ·
chemical substances |
|
Underground waters |
Removal of clean water. Clarification, clearing and disinfecting
of underground
waters. |
·
technical water
·
watering ·
drinking ·
medical |
|
Rock
enrichment |
Enrichment. Uses as binding hardening mixes. |
·
rare minerals ·building and ballast materials |
|
Geothermal energy |
Heat exchange |
·
heat ·
a cold |
|
Coal of sub-standard layers |
Underground gasification |
·
generating gases ·
heat · chemical compounds |
Now
in
·
preliminary
–
which carry out on perspective sites before designing and construction
of
mines. It allows to extend up to 15...25 % of gas which is allocated at
working
off of a mine field;
·
previous
– during
construction of mine (10...20 %);
·
accompanying
– at
operation of mine (5...25 %). Besides during this period ventilation
delete
20...50 % of metane which contains in a carboniferous file;
·
following
– from
the closed mines
(15...45 %).
As
follows from the resulted data, the basic part of
gas extend from deposits by their development and after closing mines.
Therefore development of underground and superficial decontamination,
air-conditioning and processing of metane in electric and thermal
energy, the
concentrated fuel and chemical compounds is effective enough direction
of
improvement of the ukrainian coal branch.
Operating
streams of underground mineral and
technological waters by their division on few and highly polluted,
using means
of underground clarification and clearing, it is possible to reduce
essentially
loading on water-outflow installations,
to reduce their wear process. Besides with the help of additional
processing
mine waters are possible for finishing with watering and technological
standard
which realization will allow to receive significant profit.
Concerning
a question of preservation of qualitative
properties ground and resistance of the constructions placed on them,
it is
necessary to explain the following. These ecological-economic problems
are
possible for solving by complex use of measures of geoautomatic and
irrigational character. For example, planning of a direction and rates
of
conducting clearing works for reduction of deformations of
constructions. Due
to carrying out of irrigational actions the fast drain of superficial
waters
for limits of ground removal of mine is provided, and also reduction of
infiltration of water from a surface in mountain manufactures is
possible. It
reduces loading on water-outflow mechanisms,
reduces volume of a mineralization of water, reduces the area of the
boggy
grounds.
Many
mines of Donbass have achieved mountain works of
depths 800
… 1000 м and
more
where the temperature exceeds a mark 30…400С.
This
boundary is sufficient for use of geothermal energy, for example in
systems cogeneration.
Qualitative break in a question of extraction of underground heat and
its use
is developed in Donetsk national technical university the technology of
creation underground heat exchanges, that allows to increase
essentially volume
and especially duration (up to hundreds years) receptions of heat of
bowels.
It
is
possible to ascertain, that at an engineering
level many questions in a problem of reception of the additional income
the
mining enterprises are solved full enough. Problem there are questions
of
legislative and financial character, including tax privileges,
long-term
credits and so on. Except for another, now wide application of the
approach to
complex development of coal deposits restrains shortage in branch and
In
connection with it in
The
basic list of subject matters and volume of
loading are developed within the framework of the working standard of a
speciality «Development of deposits of minerals».
The
curriculum provides
studying the following basic technologies of complex use of bowels:
·
a
coal
mining
from layers of working capacity;
·
decontamination
a
file of coal breed;
·
processing
rock;
·
clarification
and
demineralization of mine
water;
·
extraction
of
valuable and rare minerals and gases;
·
gasification
of
layers of sub-standard capacity;
·
getting
and use
of geothermal energy.
Experts
of the these specialization should seize the
following organizational-technical approaches and skills: monitoring of
natural
resources and their updatings; the feasibility report on processing of
natural
resources; a legal substantiation of complex use of bowels; an
estimation of
ecological consequences; a choice of parameters of technologies; a
choice of
means for their realization; designing of a technological complex;
development
economic-financial mechanisms;
realization of design decisions.
Thus,
the complex approach to use of bowels will allow
to receive эколого-economic
benefit.
Extraction and use of mine metane, waste
products of coal manufacture, mine waters and rare elements, and also
extraction of geothermal energy enables of reception of the additional
income,
simultaneously reducing negative influence on surrounding natural
environment.
In
our
opinion, there is a real opportunity of
improvement of an economic situation in coal branch of
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