Abstract
Сontent
- Problem and its communication with scientific and practical tasks
- Concept of harmful emissions and their types
- The review of existing control methods of a condition of harmful emissions
- Conclusions
- List of sources
Problem and its communication with scientific and practical tasks
Today, in connection with fast rates of development of the industry, agriculture and quantity of vehicles, environmental problems come out on top. Due to the development of equipment and various production systems, environmental pollution possibility increases. Because of development of industrial production, the quantity of a waste increases, underground waters, a surface water, the atmosphere become soiled, and also is soil a vegetative layer. Irreversible changes of composition of natural waters and soils negatively affects a state of environment and population health. In Ukraine coal production, and its consumption is conducted, and it makes notable impact on the atmosphere as in certain cases coal contains the content of sulfur. When burning coal, sulfur in the form of sulphurous gas is allocated in the atmosphere. However sulfur gets to the atmosphere not only when burning coal, and and when burning pedigree dumps. Characteristic feature of Donbass, its card are waste heaps of coal mines. In 200 years of coal mining in their region collected more than 1500. Their height reaches 100 m, corners of slopes 45°С, the occupied space – tens hectares. Outwardly they are similar to pyramids. But if the last came to us as monuments of ancient old times, waste heaps – objects of technogenic danger. They raise dust, burn, are exposed to washout, are radioactivity sources, under them отсыпку fertile lands are taken away. It is necessary to consider that only in Donetsk there are about 120 dumps which occupy the territory about 1000 hectares. It not small money if to consider this question from the point of view of recycling, namely use of dumps as chemical raw materials. But most expensively waste heaps manage to our health. The burning pedigree dump has a sanitary and protective zone of 500 m, not burning – 300 m, a rating of harmful substances and burning products on a wind rose to 3 km. Proceeding from these data, it is possible to draw a conclusion that Donetsk is a continuous sanitary zone in which accommodation becomes dangerous. Therefore the question of studying of influence of pedigree dumps on environment and health of the person is actual.
Concept of harmful emissions and their types
As harmful emissions we will understand firm, liquid and gaseous substances which do irreversible harm to environment or health of the person. One of factors of harmful effects of dumps of coal mines of Donbass is their radioactivity. According to Zubova L. G. , Greshka V. A. , Matyushenko U.V. [1] the exposition dose of gamma radiation of breed of dumps PO "Luganskugol" fluctuates within 17–33 мкР / h, density of a stream of gamma particles within 334–501 1/cm2, specific activity А108 from 7 to 10 Ki/kg. By Vorobyov S.G. and Kudlenko V.G. researches [2] it is established that gamma- activity of breeds and the soils adjacent to waste heaps, is flush with a background, and specific gamma activity exceeds background value. Excess over a gamma-background, in their opinion, is caused by the contents in studied samples of Th232, other heavy elements and products of their disintegration. However they specify that specific gamma-activity doesn't exceed maximum permissible value for building materials which makes 370 Bk/kg. By results of measurement of specific gamma activity of Ukhanev M.I. and Hobotova E.B. [3] also refer otvalny breed to 1 class of radiating danger and suggest to use it in construction without restrictions. However they specify that a certain danger of radonovydeleniye because there is a direct correlation between specific activity of radium and volume concentration of radon in air of the rooms which increase is at the bottom of increase in a pulmonary dose of radiation of the person remains. One more of harmful manifestations of waste heaps is their burning. According to V.I.Baklanov [4] in waste heaps of Donetsk annually burns down more than 30 thousand t. are gray and 150 thousand t. coal. The essence of self-ignition of coals or the breeds containing coal, according to D.N. Kalyuzhnogo, etc. [5] is that coal сорбирует on the surface from air molecular oxygen which forms unstable peroksidny connection with carbon. The last easily decays, allocating thus the active oxygen oxidizing coal and turning last into permanent connections rich with oxygen. As this process – ekzotermicheskiya, it is accompanied by the temperature increase accelerating process of oxidation that, finally, leads to self-ignition. M.P. Zborshchik and V.V. Osokin [6, 7] in burning of otvalny breed allocate some stages: self-heating of damp rock owing to a biochemical and chemical oxidizing vyshchelachivaniye of the pyrite, coming to the end with education in it the chemical reactor; warming up by the chemical reactor of a blanket of rock and enrichment by its elementary sulfur; ignition vapor are gray on air near a surface of self-heating-up rock at temperature 248…261°С; emergence of steady burning stripping methane, products of a thermal destruktsiya and rock gasification. Ukhaneva M.I. and Hobotova E.B. [3] approximately defined temperature of combustion of breed. Absence meta каолинита Аl203*2SiO2 and силлиманита Аl203*SiO2, testifies that the temperature of combustion made more 600°С. Lack of uglisty impurity that the temperature of combustion reached 900-1000°C. Burning of waste heaps leads to considerable change of composition of atmospheric air and loss of acid rains since from one burning dump in days on the average it is allocated in the atmosphere of 4-5 t. oxides of carbon and from 600 to 1100 kg of sulphurous anhydride, and also small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, oxides of nitrogen and other products of burning [8]. Dumps of coal mines are exposed to the strongest water erosion.
The review of existing control methods of a condition of harmful emissions
In MAkNII the instruction [10] in which is developed is specified that control of a thermal condition of pedigree dumps is carried out on purpose: а) timely identification of the centers itself heatings on dumps and taking measures for prevention of self-ignition of breeds; b) estimates of efficiency of actions for decrease in intensity of burning of pedigree dumps; b) receiving basic data for development of projects of suppression or a razbiraniye of pedigree dumps. 1. At inspection of a thermal condition of a konusny dump of a point of measurement a niya of temperature 10 m according to the scheme provided on fig. 1а settle down on 8 forming at distance down. Points of measurement of temperature of breeds of a spine dump settle down at distance of 20 m in the horizontal plane and 10 m down according to the scheme on fig. 1b). Points of measurement of temperature of breeds on a flat dump settle down on a horizontal surface at distance of 5 m from a slope brovka, and at distance of 20 m in the horizontal plane according to the scheme on rice 1v. Besides, if circle height more than 10 m of a point of measurement of temperature settle down on a slope at distance of 0,5 m down, and at distance of 20 m in the horizontal plane according to the scheme on fig. 1v. Additional points of measurement settle down in possible (visible) cells itself heatings. Measurement of temperature is carried out on depth of 0,5 m from a surface. 2. In points where it will be taken temperature exceeding 45°С, but it is less 80°С, temperature measurement on depth to 2,5 m is carried out. Results of measurement of temperature are registered, which form is given in the appendix 4. 3. On operating dumps of measurement of temperature (temperature shooting) it is spent twice a year (May – September) with an interval not less than 2 months according to requirements specified in point 2 of chapter 5 of the section III of the real Instruction. 4. On staying idle dumps of measurement of temperature (temperature shooting) it is spent once a year (August – October) according to requirements specified in point 2 of chapter 5 of the section III of the real Instruction. 5. Temperature shooting which is necessary for development of projects of suppression or dismantling of a pedigree dump, is made by measurement temperature on depth of 0,5 m according to requirements specified in point 2 of chapter 5 of the section III of the real Instruction. In points where the temperature of breeds exceeded temperature of surrounding breeds more than on 5°С it is carried out temperature measurements on depth to 2,5 m. Additional points of measurement temperature settle down in the visible or expected centers of burning. 6. At works on dismantling of pedigree dumps control of temperature of breeds of a layer is carried out understands. Temperature of the breeds moved by the bulldozer or understand the excavator, shouldn't exceed 80°С. 7. On nature of change of temperature in time on pedigree dumps which burn, in the same points efficiency of measures for decrease in intensity of burning is estimated. Temperature shootings are authorized to be carried out only after the workplaces surveyed to a surface probes for the purpose of identification of cracks, emptiness, etc. Dangerous sites are found should to delineate preddzhuvalny signs at distance of 5 m to the found cracks, cavities, etc.
Figure 1 – Approximate schemes of placement of points of measurement of temperature
(animation: 6 frames, 8 cycles of repeating, 58 kilobytes)
Carrying out temperature shooting on pedigree dumps in a zone отсыпки breeds is forbidden at work of an otkatka, and also at an atmospheric precipitation and an icing of slopes, and slopes with tilt angles more 35°С. Results of measurements are entered in the special magazine (fig. 2).
Figure 2 – Magazine of registration of temperature of rocks
Busygin offered a technique of monitoring of a condition of waste heaps of Donbass submitted multispectral space shootings which consists in earth sounding from space. At the heart of a technique that lies that active coal fires are shown on a surface of the earth and displayed in space pictures by means of thermal anomalies – sites of the increased pripoverkhnostny temperature. Identification and monitoring of processes of decay and burning of waste heaps is made with use of methods of processing, the analysis and a deshifrirovaniye of multispectral space pictures within specialized GIS, such as, ERDAS Imagine, ER Mapper, INVI, etc. Verification and assessment of quality of results of the analysis of these satellite supervision demands sharing of materials of satellite and land researches that causes need of creation of an approach to the analysis and monitoring of pripoverkhnostny thermal anomalies on the basis of materials of remote sensing of the earth and land supervision. Widespread methods of the analysis and monitoring of dynamics of distribution of processes of burning coal of containing breeds are numerical modeling, calculation of vegetative and thermal indexes, the analysis of these satellite supervision occurring at different times. Numerical modeling of dynamics of distribution of coal fires allows to receive the fullest understanding of causes and effects of processes of burning coal of containing breeds, to establish interrelation between generation and transfer of thermal energy within a coal fire and near it, to make round-the-clock measurements of temperature within the burning center. The increased temperature of decaying and burning waste heaps, and also presence of by-products of burning (such as SO2, NO, CO, CH4, N2O, CO2 etc.) causes deterioration of a condition of a vegetative cover or its total absence. Thus, for identification of processes of burning indicators of a condition of vegetation – vegetative indexes can be used. Contextual adaptive algorithms provide detection of pripoverkhnostny thermal anomalies, being based on calculation of temperature divergences of background pixels and fire pixels within area of the neighbourhood of a raster analyzed pixels. Algorithms with the fixed thresholds are based on division of a set of background pixels and fire pixels on the basis of the global threshold defined for the image. Transformations occurring at different times are applied to identification of pixels, invariable on series of images occurring at different times. Waste heaps partially overgrown with vegetation are close according to the spectral and temperature characteristics to open soil that increases probability of false identification of sites of thermal activity of waste heaps according to the space shooting executed in the afternoon of days. Data are presented on (fig. 3).
| N | Name of the company | City | Latitude | State of combustion | Area |
| 1 | OP | 48,0244 | 38,024 | burn off | 63,6 |
| 2 | – | Donetsk | 47,9344 | burn off | 49,8 |
| 3 | OJS CPF Proletarian | Makeevka | 40,0252 | not lit | 10,7 |
| 4 | OJS CPF Kolosnikovskaya | Makeevka | 40,0285 | not lit | 22,2 |
| 5 | OP Mine Holodnaya Balka | Makeevka | 48,0041 | not lit | 18,1 |
Figure 3 – Information on burning and not burning dumps
Monitoring of a condition of waste heaps. The scheme of process of monitoring of a condition of waste heaps according to data of multispectral space shootings occurring at different times includes the following stages: data input and decoding of waste heaps; assessment of pripoverkhnostny temperature and formation of a vector of characteristics of objects; classification with training, an assessment of accuracy and visualization of results of classification; tracking of dynamics of change of a condition of waste heaps. 1. Assessment temperature top layers surfaces. Determination of temperature top layers surfaces according to Landsat-TM is made in the following sequence. At a preliminary stage of calculation of temperature transformation of primary, raw these space shootings to number of the radiation getting on a sensor (W/m2*sr*mkm) is carried out. Determination of the valid values of radiation on the basis of the raw data of space shootings is carried out on a formula to a certain formula. It is necessary to note that high values of pripoverkhnostny temperature for the summer pictures registered in the afternoon of days, often correspond to sites of open soil – to the fields open for mountain robots, etc.
2. Classification with training. Reference of an initial set of objects waste heaps (fig. 4) to one of two classes («not burning waste heap», «a burning waste heap») was made on a minimum of spectral distances between vectors of characteristics of an initial set of 112 waste heaps which condition isn't defined, and the corresponding characteristics of reference objects – burning and not burning waste heaps.
Figure 4 – Fragment of the multispectral image
3. Tracking of dynamics of change of a condition of waste heaps. Monitoring of a condition of waste heaps consists in the analysis of temporary dynamics of change of accessory of a waste heap to a class "a burning waste heap", "not burning waste heap" according to a solving rule: 1) the waste heap belongs to the class "not burning waste heap" or "a burning waste heap" in case it is recognized as that at least for 6 of 7 space pictures; 2) upon frequent transition of a waste heap from a condition a condition it is impossible to make the unequivocal decision on its class association and in this case a waste heap it is interpreted as "decaying". On (fig. 5) results of classification according to various metrics are presented the waste heaps recognized as burning and not burning at least for 6 of 7 analyzed by the moments of supervision, in particular, are noted. Total number of the waste heaps carried to classes "not burning waste heap", "a decaying waste heap" and "a burning waste heap".
Results of classification are incorporated for creation of the resultant card of an arrangement of not burning, decaying and burning waste heaps. On six metrics to a class of burning waste heaps 8 objects, are at the same time referred to a class of not burning.
Figure 5 – The card of an arrangement of burning and decaying dumps
