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Abstract

Содержание

Introduction

In the process of working people requires periodic short breaks to maintain a certain level of their performance. The need for such rest is individual, it depends on the health of man, his psycho-physiological state, age, sex, degree of fitness to perform a particular job. However, the collaboration in the enterprise the question of internal production periods of time to rest can not be regulated, because it affects the consistency of the production process and the cost of working time. Therefore, the company as a whole, and sometimes in some of its departments established a single enterprise for work and rest. This mode is based on the specific characteristics of the company.

The need for alternation of work and rest has physiological basis. All activities related to the expenditure of the physical nervous energy. In a certain limit energy costs occur without human damage to the cells of the body, but after experiencing this boundary develops fatigue.

Therefore, in order to the company was operating efficiently, it is necessary to organize the work of employees, while constantly monitoring the activity of workers.

Based on this topic NIRS, its main objectives are:

  1. Definition of the concept of work and leisure;
  2. The need to optimize the work and rest in the enterprise;
  3. Consideration of the varieties of modes of work and rest, and the requirements for their installation;
  4. Consideration of the dynamics of human performance;
  5. Making suggestions to improve the regime of work and rest in the enterprise.

1. Development work and rest regimes

The joint work of individual employees and departments must be agreed by the duration and calendar periods. Developed for this work and rest, which is understood as established for each type of work and duration of the order of alternation of work and rest periods.

The main goal of its development - ensuring efficient use of production capacity while maintaining high efficiency and health of workers.

Collaboration requires a unity in the allocation of labor time - by the hour of day, day of week and longer stretches of time. In the course of work a person's ability to work a certain kind, and accordingly, the functional state of the body are subject to change. Maintaining the optimum level of efficiency - the main purpose of the work and rest.

Rational mode - this relation and maintenance work and rest periods in which high productivity coupled with high and sustained human performance with no signs of excessive fatigue for a long time. This alternation of periods of work and rest intervals observed in the time during the work shift, day, week, year in accordance with the mode of operation of the enterprise.

Setting the time and its distribution over the calendar periods in the company achieved in the development of rules that stipulate the order of alternation and duration of work and rest.

Strict regime of work and rest is of great importance for the formation of a dynamic stereotype the employee is a system of stable conditioned reflexes, which are formed as a result of the frequent repetition in sequence and in the same time intervals of different stimuli. One of these stimuli is made at the plant alternation of work and rest. The employee gets used to rest at a certain time, and this affects the manifestations of all of his vital functions.

Development of work and leisure is based on addressing the following questions:

  1. when breaks should be appointed and how long;
  2. whose duration should be every interval;
  3. what content area [3].

The theoretical basis for the development of work and rest regimes - current understanding of the physiology of labor processes. The scientific basis for the construction of rational modes of work and rest is the dynamics of human performance, reflecting the impact on the body of the complex conditions. In turn, the performance is studied by psycho-physiological and technical and economic performance of groups of workers during the shift, week, month. High levels of efficiency observed in the morning and afternoon hours - from 8 to 20 hours. minimum efficiency - at night. Particularly adversely interval from 1 to 3 - 4 hours. overnight.

Types of work and leisure. Mode of operation of the enterprise provides the number of shifts per day, the duration of the change in hours, the length of the working week and the total time enterprise, shop during the calendar period (day, month, quarter, year). Based on this work and rest are divided into vnutrismennyh, daily, weekly and annual reports.

Replacement work and rest - the order of rotation and rest times during the shift. The basis for the development of any replacement work and rest is the dynamics of performance. In the development of a replacement operation to the conditions of production and the characteristics of each particular type of work is determined by the total amount of time to rest, the distribution of the time during the shift (outages and their duration), the nature area.

Necessary to distinguish between the total time for rest and personal need (determined by appropriate standards) and time on the regulated breaks.

The rest period during the shift (regulated breaks) depends largely on the severity of labor and the conditions of its implementation. According to the recommendations of the Institute of Labor in determining the length of stay during the working time, consider the following ten factors of production, causing fatigue: physical force, tension, pace of work, the working position, the monotony of work, climate, air pollution, industrial noise, vibration, lighting. Depending on the strength of influence of each of these factors on the human body to set the time to rest.

Replacement work and rest should include a break for lunch and a short rest breaks. Holidays should be regulated, as it is more efficient than the breaks that occur sporadically, at the discretion of the employee.

Vacations can be active or passive. Passive recreation (sitting, lying) is required when heavy physical work associated with constant transitions or performed standing, especially under adverse environmental conditions. Active rest is recommended for jobs that take place in favorable conditions. The most effective form of outdoor activities is the production gymnastics, that is the implementation of a special set of physical exercises. Active rest accelerates recuperation, since the change of the energy spent working, the body recovers faster.

In each case, pick the appropriate standard mode or in terms of fatigue, established on the basis of physiological studies, or in terms of a quantitative assessment of working conditions obtained by calculation based on the assessment of individual factors working conditions.

The daily regime of work and rest are organizing with the laws of the circadian rhythm of physiological processes in humans. It involves shift work, start time, end time and duration of shifts in shifts.

According to the daily cycle of physiological functions of the body, there is a high level of efficiency in the morning and afternoon hours. In this regard, the most efficient is the first shift operation. However, the use of two-and three-shift work, and in a continuous process three-shift work is required. In multi-shift operation is recommended shift schedule, the maximum cutting work at night, which is characterized by the minimum capacity for work. The nature of the weekly and annual regimes of work and rest schedules determined by the adopted system return to work (or shift schedules).

When one shift work must begin no earlier than 8-9 hours, working two shifts - no earlier than 6:00 (first shift), and end no later than 00:00 pm (second shift). With three shifts beginning of the night shift should be no later than 00:00 hours.

A weekly (or monthly) work and rest schedule includes outputs to work (shift schedule). It is determined by the number of working and non-working days and hours per week (month), the order of rotation of working days and days of rest, alternating work in different shifts [16].

2. The organization of work and rest regimes

Work and rest - is regulated by the duration and alternating periods of work and rest, are set according to the characteristics of work processes and ensure the maintenance of high performance and health of workers.

The organization of work and rest, taking into account the physical and mental stress in the labor process provides:

  1. Definition of working hours and hours of work, length of annual leave, depending on the working conditions, the categories of the social status of the employee and other factors;
  2. Definition mode shifts (changes occur within days, hours of work in the individual changes, the system of alternating shifts);
  3. Definition mode pauses (rest), which is set of rules and regulations at the company and includes paid rest breaks and eliminate the negative effects of fatigue, unpaid rest breaks and meals (lunch) [5].

Properly organized system breaks, despite the reduction in working time, increasing productivity by 10 ... 12% with simultaneous reduction of fatigue employees.

Breaks provide the following action:

  1. Contribute to the restoration work;
  2. Stabilize the performance of work;
  3. allow the employee self-regulatory efforts of the workers;
  4. Contribute to the diversity of the labor process;
  5. Improve employee morale in the case of simultaneity breaks.

One of the main issues of establishing rational modes of work and rest - is to identify principles for their design. These three principles:

  1. Meet the needs of production;
  2. Ensuring maximum human performance;
  3. Combination of public and private interests.

The first principle is that the choice of the optimal regime of work and rest are required to determine the parameters that contribute to the better use of production assets and provide the greatest efficiency. Modes of work and rest are built with respect to the most rational mode of production, in order to ensure the normal course of the process, completing a certain amount of production, quality and timely planning and carrying out preventive maintenance and inspection of equipment while reducing its downtime during business hours.

The second principle is that you can not build modes of work and rest without human performance and the objective needs of the body to rest at certain periods of his work. To accommodate the physiological capacity (in the framework of statutory regulations on labor protection and working time) should develop a procedure for alternation of work and rest time, they define a duration that would provide the greatest efficiency and productivity.

The third principle suggests that the regime of work and rest should be focused on the account and ensure a certain degree of satisfaction of personal interests of workers and certain categories of workers (women, youth, students, etc.).

Thus, the choice of the optimum mode of work and rest need a comprehensive socio-economic approach. The aim of this approach is a complete and comprehensive assessment of its optimization from the point of view of the private and public interests, the interests of production and physiological capacities of man.

In this connection it should be noted that the science-based regime of work and rest in enterprises is a regime that best provides for the simultaneous combination of increasing efficiency and productivity, maintaining the health of workers, creating favorable conditions for the full development of the person [13].

3. Rationalization of the work and rest regimes

Designing the optimum mode of work and rest. Modes of work and rest should be designed to ensure the normal course of the process.

In the design of work and leisure to consider a number of requirements:

  1. Managing work-rest cycle should be carried out at all jobs for all categories of employees within an organization it is advisable to adhere to common principles and methods of determining the modes;
  2. Length and shape of the rest should be determined taking into account the working conditions, the size and structure of the labor load, provide a warning fatigue and high availability;
  3. Account age and sex structure of employees (reduced hours for teenagers);
  4. Prevent spoofing of regulated rest breaks chaotic at the discretion of workers (premature break breaks the current level of performance, late or not enough long break can lead to fatigue, involuntary break can disrupt the rhythm of the production process, with the same reasons, a simple random because of deficiencies in the organization of work can not considered as a complete rest);
  5. Mode should be revised to reflect changes in technology, organization and working conditions, its mechanization (automation), labor law requirements. [1]

The human body does not react the same way to physical and neuro-psychic load at different times of day. Preferred are the morning and afternoon hours, preceded by a full night's rest. They coincide with the time of the greatest biological activity. In the evening and night hours in physiological processes slow down. Therefore, it is optimal to two-shift operation of the enterprise. If it is impossible to interrupt the process (three shifts) the duration of the night shift should be less than a day, lengthy and regulated meal breaks and rest.

The employees of the management to reduce the neuro-emotional stress associated with communicating with people, it is recommended to establish a clear order of the day regulates the time available for different types of jobs.

The most complex work should be carried out during the period of sustained high performance, indivisible days of such work to perform better on Tuesday - Wednesday when the highest weekly performance [4].

Improve the efficiency of work and rest regimes. The effectiveness of daily and the change of regime of work and rest can be estimated on the growth of labor productivity as a result of improving efficiency, increasing the share of its stable phase in the variable of time, improving the use of vnutrismennyh fund of working time. With the rationalization of the daily regime of work and rest effectiveness depends largely on the extent to properly take into account the circadian rhythm patterns of physiological processes in humans. When you select the optimum mode of work and rest is required to determine such parameters that contribute to the better use of production assets and provide the greatest efficiency. When you select the optimum mode of work and leisure should be a full and comprehensive assessment of its optimization from the point of view of the private and public interests, the interests of production and physiological capacities of man.

Rationalization of the work and rest regimes. Adjust the intensity of labor and the prevention of fatigue and ensure conduct of organizational and technical measures, including the introduction of rational modes of work and rest.

Rational mode of work and rest - is routine in the labor force, governs this relationship work and rest and where the high and persistent human performance for the longest time.

Modes of work and rest are built taking into account the physiological principles of the human adaptation to conditions of work, as well as the specific features of the production process. During the shift workers of the enterprises have to have rest breaks. The need to rest due to a decrease in performance due to fatigue, leading to reduced production and quality.

At the beginning of the work shift worker working less intensively gradually drawn into the work. At this time, there is a reorganization of physiological functions. The worker needs some time to tune in to work, to develop a rhythm of movement. This is the period generating. It lasts for about 1 year, then a period of sustained performance, which is characterized by the stability of physiological processes in the body. For most professions, it takes 3-4 years. By mid-day performance begins to decline: the movement is slowed down, the number of errors, the feeling of hunger. At the appointed time the lunch break.

In the afternoon performance vary about the same as in the first half of the day. However, after dinner less time is spent on generating period, but more tangibly manifested fatigue at the end of the shift. As a result, significantly reduces the hourly productivity [12].

Optimal work and rest should ensure high productivity with good quality indicators. At the same time maintain high efficiency, ie, maximum recovery of functional parameters of the body during the break.

Findings

Successful operation of any business can be achieved only through the dedication of its employees, which is achieved by daily attention of leaders in the organization of production and the conditions of their labor.

For the purpose of the physiological regulation of labor conditions and to reduce the negative impact of adverse conditions that cause stress the cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems, enterprises need to adopt rational modes of work and leisure.

In conclusion I would like to note that overexertion and fatigue person to blame is not the work itself, and the wrong mode of labor. You need to properly and efficiently distribute power worker during a job, both physically and mentally. Even, rhythmic work more productive and healthier working than changing periods of inactivity periods of tense, urgent work. Fun and interesting job done easily, without stress does not cause fatigue and exhaustion.

A necessary condition for maintaining health in the workplace is a work-rest cycle. Relax after work does not mean a state of complete rest.

So, in addition to the company was operating efficiently, it is necessary to organize the work of employees, while constantly monitoring the activity of workers. For example, to relieve nervous tension proven psychological relaxation room. When the device such room pay special attention to the equipment and the interior: chairs with armrests and high headrest, where you can sit comfortably. So workers can regain its performance and continue to perform their duties.

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