Содержание
- Introduction
- 1. Theme urgency
- 2. The purpose, the idea of work and objectives of the research
- 2.1 Goal of the research
- 2.2 objectives of the research
- 2.3 idea of working
- 2.4 Basic research methods
- 3.Analysis of studies in the field of comprehensive utilization of resources coalfield.
- 4. Selecting an object of study and assessment of the environmental situation in the zone of influence of the enterprise.
- 5. Selection and justification of the application of existing technological solutions for sustainable use of natural resources (coal and rock).
- 6. Justification and improvement of technological solutions for the rational use of coal and rock.
- Сonclusions
- References
Introduction
In terms of transformational economy crisis inevitably arises as to the system as a whole and for individual economic objects. Since the restructuring of the coal industry as a whole and the individual components of their parts, problems with increasing the economic attractiveness of the coal industry.
Over the years, Donetsk region is a leader in the field of mining and mineral processing . What caused the rapid industrial growth and the increasing intensification of natural resource consumption . But by the 2000s , most industrial stocks Donets Basin , located at shallow depths of occurrence, have been fulfilled . This gave impetus to the revision of the state policy in the field of extraction of natural resources in general and coal in particular. So the idea to "restructuring" of the coal industry in Ukraine. Closing unprofitable mines or passing into private hands State solves two major problems : stop subsidized financing closed mines , and disclaims responsibility for transferred into private hands the state mines . As a result of the closure of coal enterprises , has been increasing the amount of depression regions of Donetsk region. Which in turn pulls the degradation of the population in these regions.
1. Theme urgency
Questions to enhance economic sustainability of coal mining, based on an integrated and more complete utilization of mineral resources, are increasingly developed in recent studies.
Thus, the formation of the principles of sustainable development of the company in terms of transformation of the economy, should be based on the principles of a more complete and rational nature.
Based on the above should be considered as the mine enterprise comprehensive mining, which include coal, water, rocks and gas.
2. The purpose, the idea of work and objectives of the research
2.1 Goal of the research
The purpose of this study is the choice and justification of environmentally sound technology solutions to extract written off are losses of coal reserves and the use of artificial structures of the host rocks in a mine for maximum environmental, economic and safe results in their application.
2.2 objectives of the research
The main objectives of the study:
- Reveal the theoretical and practical bases of the integrated use of coal and rock;
- The directions rational completeness withdrawal of coal reserves;
- Analyze the direction rational use of rocks;
- To develop technological solutions for production losses written off coal reserves;
- Study the application of the basic technology used for stowing;
- Justification of ecological, economic and social consequences of technological solutions for mining losses written off are coal and stowing.
2.3 idea of working
The idea of ??the work lies in the complex application of environmentally sound technology solutions extraction losses written off in coal reserves and the use of artificial structures of the host rocks in the mine.
object of research: integrated use of natural resources.
subject of research: more complete extraction of coal and rational use of rock
2.4 idea of working
Decision of tasks carried out analytically by generalizing known scientific and technical information by economic and mathematical modeling, statistical method and forecasting.
3. Analysis of studies in the field of comprehensive utilization of resources coalfield.
Investigation of the problem of increasing the completeness of extraction and management of natural resources devoted to the works A.S.Astahova, AA Borisov A.C. Burchakova, VL Kornilkova, YY. Litvinskiy, P.A. Frumkin N.N.Fotieva, GG Stumpf, VD Yalevskogo, GV Lavrik, MA Malyshev, A.S. Malkin AG Salamatina, BB. Agafonova S.G.Stradanchenko, B.I.Sarycheva, I.I.Savina, A.Yu.Dyupina, N.I.Ivanova, AD Shumkina etc.
In the article "Prospects buroshnekovogosposoba coal mining in the mines Russian Donbass" authors N.V.Titovym, V.I.Kocherginym, VA Kurnakov analyzed the test results of the complex deserted dredging (IPM) "Vector" in the ESC-02 w. "Ayutinskaya." Recommendations on the use auger method of coal extraction on Russian mines of Donbass.[1]
Article Khodyreva ED Filatov and VF "Technical and technological solutions in the field of UkrNIMI auger coal mining technology" were considered development UkrNIMI in auger coal mining, protected by patents of Ukraine, aimed at improving and expanding its scope.[2]
Russian scientist Isayenko AV In his dissertation examined the technology Bookmarks vertical workings burnt rocks hardened astringent element.
In the textbook "Fundamentals of Technology deserted coal mining" KF Sapitsky, VD Frost detail considering ways of coal mining on thin and very thin layers, as well as methods and technologies stowing.[3]
As seen from the above listed, this issue is devoted to a sufficient number of scientific developments that have been introduced in the mines including Donbass.
4. Selecting an object of study and assessment of the environmental situation in the zone of influence of the enterprise.
Makeevcky Donetsk region is part of the metropolis, in the territory of which are more than 4 thousand enterprises. Is the most advanced mining and processing industry, as well as coke and steel. Industrial development of the region has a huge burden on the environment.
The main sources of pollution in the territory Makeevki are 3 enterprises of metallurgy and metalworking, 2 coke enterprises 22 mines operating or closing, 2 motor transport companies, 2 concentrator. Within the city, located 120 dumps, 14 of which are combustion sources.
Presence in coal, metallurgical coke plants and for many years has led to the accumulation of large amounts of industrial waste and pollution of large areas. Today in the dumps, slime and waste heaps is 367.4 million tonnes of waste, which make up 8.7% of the waste in Donetsk region. [4]
Geographically, the enterprise in question is in Makeyevka Donetsk region, in the village of Cold Beam. Over its long production activities mine worked a large number of layers of 0.5 to 1.2 m
Operation of any enterprise mining is associated with adverse effects on the environment: atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil, landscape and subsoil. We analyze the environmental and economic activity of the enterprise.[5]
Mine "Cold Beam" is the main enterprise, because It is located next to residential development, which will undoubtedly affect the ecological criteria imposed on the enterprise.
Considering the environmental situation of the city as a whole is worth noting the gradual restoration of the environment, due to the closure or reduction of production capacity of major pollutants.
The object of this study is to coal mining, OP "Mine" Cold Beam", located in the city of Makeyevka.
The subject of research is the process:
- technology associated with running processes on production losses written off in coal reserves, with clip and goaf;
- environmental - more complete extraction of mineral resources; reduce human impact on the environment by reducing the volume of storage in rock dumps;
- economic - to provide economic benefits from the introduction of resource-saving technologies;
- social - to create safe working conditions; creation of new jobs; revival depression regions.
Assessing the environmental situation in the area of business, it should be noted the following environmental problems in the region:
- a large number of waste dumps (only on the balance sheet of which there are 14 pieces) leads to the contamination of air, soil and surface water;
- odd jobs at small depths of the earth - to change the natural landscape, basining;
- flooding of mine workings that are closer to the earth's surface - water logging areas, the increase in hardness of the water in the wells, groundwater contamination, etc.
5. Selection and justification of the application of existing technological solutions for sustainable use of natural resources (coal and rock).
Coal - a comprehensive energy and chemical raw materials, which can be used in many industries. In recent years, coal production dropped significantly. Production fell by more than 5 five times, referring to various reasons, but mainly due to the closure or conservation of coal enterprises.
Thus, the problem of a more complete and comprehensive utilization of decommissioned coal reserves, will provide an opportunity to increase the profitability of the coal enterprise. That is quite urgent task, since statistics on the validity of the mine averages around 60-75 years, almost 70% of mines worked or modify their stocks.
Under these circumstances, one of the main fuller and more complex use of decommissioned coal reserves, increase the overall profitability of production and reduce social tensions in mining regions is diversifikovanost.
For a more complete and integrated use of written off are stocks of coal pillars, you can apply the following basic technological schemes deserted dredging. The first flow chart based on the application auger installations. (see Fig. 1) BSHA designed for coal mining without human presence in the working face, on seams 0.6 ... 0.85 m with an angle of incidence of 150. They are recommended for excavation, primarily reservoirs with weak roof rocks and geological disturbances.
These settings can also be used for the partial repayment of the security pillars for various purposes. The actual loss of coal during the recess of the technology can make 20-30%.
Second flowsheet deserted dredging by using scrapers - plow. In this scheme, there are two ways of doing coal mining:
-working off thin and very thin layers of lava-camera up to 20m and leaving pillar width up to 4 meters; (Fig. 2)
Fig. 2 –Flowsheet deserted dredging scraper-plow in lavas - cameras: 1-drive station; 2-scraper; 3-scraper boxes; 4-bypass station; 5-working chamber; 6-pillar; 7-Holding the camera; 8-threaded harvester; 9-conveyor drift; 10-airway.
-recess lava with partial or complete goaf. (Fig. 3) Bookmarks used for transport - forming attachment for delivery breed in goaf and construction of the supporting bands.
Fig. 3 – Flowsheet deserted dredging bookmarked rock bands. 1-drive station; 2-scraper box; 3-pedigree console; 4-breed conveyor; 5-lining interfacing with the drive station; 6-pedigree band; 7-Spread band; 8-coal conveyor; 9-concrete slabs.
6. Justification and improvement of technological solutions for the rational use of coal and rock.
Basic directions of increasing the efficiency of the coal industry are reflected in the principles of environmental management: increasing the efficiency of extraction, integrated and rational use of coal deposits.
Advanced shaft highly processability reference works usually do not require high capital expenditures to implement processes, providing a more complete extraction of the mineral.
The analysis shows that the applied technique and technology of coal, generally result in a significant loss of coal in area capacity of the reservoir, and there were significant losses in the development of layers in the zone and outside the influence of the treatment works.
Often the loss of minerals occur on organizational and economic reasons. Among them, note the following: insufficient economic interest and responsibility of enterprises to reduce stock losses, lack of technical equipment of mining enterprises modern means of quantity and quality of extracted minerals in the array and repulsed state geological survey deficiencies service mining.
In determining the losses the latter may be characterized as irrecoverable (off-balance sheet), and project beyond the design ( normalized). If the first type of loss associated with objective indicators of the quality and received power for mining coal seams , and the last predetermined stochastic causes arising in the course of mine, that project standardized statutory loss and with sufficient justification can be adjusted. These losses include losses in the barrier (at the borders of the mine fields, blocks) and safety (to protect the trunks and workings durable: Service) pillars, in geological faults in security (under natural and engineering structures on the surface) as a whole, planned operating loss (depending on power system design and training).
The presence of security and protective pillars in the mine field for various purposes mainly caused features of modern mining technology of coal reserves and a high degree of development earned additionally areas.
There is a methodological and technological framework for carrying out the processes of rationalization of the coal industry in Ukraine.
System developed mining coal seams with minimal losses in pillars, for various purposes, but they usually apply only to the opening of new coal horizons.
Methods for extracting pillars on waste reservoirs, usually limited to the restoration of workings, their perekrepleniyu or conduct missing, and the gradual recovery of the mineral using different equipment
For working primarily taken as a whole, which are used to protect the mining district. [7] During the recess of the rear sight, has a significant influence on the formation of rock pressure, and its redistribution, which carries the possibility of destroying the mountain range, adjacent mine workings. To prevent this situation, you can use non-traditional methods of controlling rock pressure. Choice of method depends on the geological characteristics of the formation and occurrence vmeschayuschihporod, process and system design, equipment stope etc.
Researchers assumed to estimate the basic methods of processing and waste coal pillar Bookmarks. Common raw data received portion to development, are discussed in Table 1.
| № | indicator | units | numeric value |
| 1 | layer | К5 | |
| 2 | Average reservoir thickness | м | 0,67 |
| 3 | Angle dip | Deg | 3 |
| 4 | mark of coal | ПС | |
| 5 | parameters pillar | ||
| 1. Size drop | м | 110 | |
| 2. Size of strike | м | 45 | |
| 3. area pillar | м2 | 4950 | |
| 4. volume pillar | м3 | 4477,3 | |
| 5. Length stope | м | 110 |
From the data in Table 1, it is proposed to analyze the technological schemes, approved and proposed 1.2 3.
- recovery excavation with simultaneous extraction of coal auger installation BUG-2 drilled wells and laying Compressed "Titan", (рис.4);
- recovery excavation with simultaneous extraction of coal jackhammers and stowing Compressed "Titan", (рис.5);
- recovery excavation with simultaneous extraction of coal jackhammers and stowing of modules butostoek, (рис.6).
Fig. 4 – Technological scheme №1
Recovery excavation with simultaneous extraction of coal auger installation BUG-2 drilled wells and laying Compressed "Titan.
Fig. 5 – Technological scheme №2
Recovery excavation with simultaneous extraction of coal jackhammers and stowing Compressed "Titan
Fig. 6 – Technological scheme №3
Recovery excavation with simultaneous extraction of coal jackhammers and stowing of modules butostoek.
Particular attention should be paid hours in use tab, in the third pillar scheme. There are different options for combining elements of butoh in space depletion: Butoh-counter, butoh-organka, butoh-fire. All three combinations are presented in Fig. 7-9
Fig. 7 – Construction scheme butostoyki
Fig. 8 – Scheme of erection of rubble organ roof supports
Fig. 9 – erection of scheme butoh-bonfire
Сonclusions
The studies revealed:
- the greatest losses of coal will have a place in the technological scheme, in strips between drilled wells, roof and floor of the reservoir. In the other two schemes losses will be reduced to normalized 5%, mainly due to the storage of dust on the walls and soil development.
- when the mined-out space with the use of total rock, losses during the first scheme will amount to 16% of the total volume of mined-out space, which holds the remaining coal. When applying the second technological scheme will remain normalized losses in the amount of 5% is due to density of rocks in the array. 35% - will be losses in the mined-out space elements of Butoh - racks.
- the time of processing of one pillar in these ways, just different. In figure 1 it amounted to 55 days, in the following two schemes 62 days, due to the mechanization of production. In the first case the testing is conducted with the help of brown - screw installation, in others, pillar is worked out by the drifters on the pullback hammers.
The obtained results:
- reduction of harmful influence of waste dump used as a source of raw materials, on the natural environment.
- reduction of environmental charges for the disposal of solid industrial waste.
The possible development of depressive regions through the development of a network of new coal-mining enterprises, the basic technological process of which is extraction, written off into losses of coal reserves and rational use of natural resources.
References
- Титов Н.В., Кочергин В.И., Турук Ю.В., Курнаков В.А. Перспективы бурошнекового способа выемки угля на шахтах российского Донбасса. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.siurgtu.ru/...>
- Ходырев Е.Д., Филатов В.Ф.Технические и технологические решения УКРНИМИ в области бурошнековой технологии выемки угля [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/
- Основы проектирования технологии безлюдной выемки угля: Учеб.пособие/ К.Ф. Сапицкий, В.Д. Мороз. – К.:УМК ВО. 1991. – 132с
- Доклад о состоянии окружающей среды города Макеевки. Под редакцией Г. Аверина, Макеевка, 2008. – 84с
- Поліщук Т.Д., Шафоростова М.М. Еколого - економічний аналіз природокористування на шахті
Холодна Балка
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