Abstract
Content
- Introduction
- 1. Theme urgency
- 2. The purpose and objectives of the study, the planned results
- 3. The main part
- Conclusion
Introduction
At present, the state of the surrounding natural environment of the Donbass is in an acute crisis state. Significant damage to the natural environment is caused by waste piles (dumps of the coal industry). The huge territory of the Donetsk region is occupied by a breed that has accumulated in coal dumps. Besides, a significant part of these waste dumps is burning, which aggravates the situation, because, as a result, in the atmosphere of the cities of Donbass there are huge concentrations of carbon monoxide, ammonia, phenol, sulfur compounds and other no less dangerous substances, to which a high level of air pollution is weighed particles and an increased radioactive background. In addition, rock dumps occupy vast areas suitable for industrial and residential construction. On the basis of the foregoing, it can be concluded that the task of dismantling, re-forming, lowering and managing the state of rock heaps is extremely urgent at the present time.
1. Theme urgency
The problem of accumulation of coal industry waste is one of the most acute environmental problems in the coal mining regions. Under the coal industry, in the process of mining and processing of coal, it is required to divert large enough land areas. A huge amount of production waste (rock) is accumulated as a result of the operation of coal mining enterprises. In the course of development of the deposit, in specially allocated area, rock dumps are stored, which are technogenic massif. At the moment, only in the Donetsk region is concentrated more than 560 million tons. rocks in coal dumps. Only in this area are concentrated about 600 rock dumps, 169 of which are burning. They occupy 3,754 thousand hectares of land. One can not but agree that this is already a very weighty argument, in order to pay attention to this environmental problem. Everybody knows that the mining regions are zones of increased environmental danger, and coal mining enterprises are classified as environmentally hazardous.
The largest ecological burden on the biosphere in Europe is typical for Donbass, this is due to the production activity of the enterprises of ferrous metallurgy, electric power industry, fuel and chemical industries concentrated in a relatively small area. The total mass of accumulated waste in the Donbass exceeds 4 billion tons. Also, it should be noted that the development of coal deposits has a negative impact on the hydrochemical regime of exploitation of surface and groundwater, worsens the fertility of lands and increases air pollution.
Breed dumps are divided into burning and non-fading, according to the temperature state. During combustion, the rock dump releases inorganic dust, nitrogen oxides, sulfur, carbon, hydrocarbons into the air. Large volumes of coal and carbon-bearing materials are exposed to oxygen contained in the air, under the influence of which they oxidize and produce heat. If heat dissipation is difficult, an increase in temperature takes place, as a result of which the process of oxidation and heat production accelerates and, if this process is not controlled, leads to spontaneous combustion. Based on the foregoing, we can say that at the moment the issue is very topical, not only to increase the integrated use of products, but also to waste production of mining enterprises.
2. The purpose and objectives of the study, the planned results
The purpose of the study is to develop a set of measures to manage the state of the rock dump of the Lidievka mine.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to achieve the objectives:
1. Study of the regulatory and legal framework governing the issue of waste heaps;
2. Conducting an assessment of the ecological condition of the mine Lidievka;
3. Analysis of the impact of the rock dump on the environment;
4. Development of a set of measures to manage the state of the dump.
Object of the study: The pile of the mine "Lidievka".
Research subject: Technological processes of the formation and functioning of the mine dump of the Lidievka mine, its influence on the state of the environment and public health.
As part of the master's work, it is planned to assess the ecological condition of the mine dump of the Lidievka mine, assess its negative impact on the environment and develop a set of measures to manage its condition.
3. The main part
Terrikon or terrikonik (dump, artificial mound of empty rocks extracted from underground mining of coal and other minerals deposits, a mound of waste or slag from various industries and the burning of solid fuels.
Terrikons of mines and ore dressing plants contain iron sulphide in the form of pyrite and marcasite, which is oxidized by chemilithotrophic bacteria with the release of heat by oxygen from the atmosphere. Also, the dumps contain a certain amount of coal and other combustible rocks whose particles are adsorbed on the surface of the same oxygen and enter exothermic oxidative chemical reactions. As a result of these processes in large waste heaps, various processes of technogenic pyrometamorphism often occur:
• Combustion of coal (zones with oxidation regimes);
• pyrolysis of coal (reduction firing zones at T = 800-1000 ° C);
• reactions of dehydration of layered silicates, resulting in a mass evaporation of water, as well as the removal of fluorine, chlorine in the initial stages of combustion of the heap (T = 600-700 ° C);
• decomposition of carbonates with the removal of CO and CO2 and the formation of periclase, lime and ferrites (T = 600-800 ° C);
• Local melting with the formation of vitrified clinkers and basic paralas (T = 1000-1250 ° C).
These processes lead to a radical change in the phase composition of the waste mass.
In the Donbass nearly one in every third waste tank burns.
There are cases of explosions of waste heaps as a result of the accumulation of vapors and gases under the crust formed due to atmospheric precipitation, leading to the death of dozens of people.
In the process of reclamation of land, heaps are objects of planting and afforestation. They are planted in large numbers of trees to stop the destruction of waste heaps from the effects of destructive factors of weather conditions.
The norms of atmospheric pollution are constantly violated, because for economic reasons, there are practically no technological solutions to reduce the delivery of rock to the surface by placing it in the worked-out space.
In connection with the fact that there are very many accumulated waste dumps in the mining towns, the issue of their dismantling is becoming more acute. The vast majority of ecological methods of reclamation of dumps are expensive, significant investments are almost never compensated or compensated partially and to a very small extent, but their advantage lies in the speed of dismantling the dump, expensive - but quickly. But intensive ways to eliminate dumps, most of the city can not afford due to financial difficulties, so the dismantling of dumps is postponed from year to year "for later" and the stalls wait their turn for decades. Having considered this issue, I would like to propose an alternative method for dismantling a rock dump, a longer, but less costly, wind turbine.
Wind turbines are a separate energy sector. Its main task is to transform the kinetic energy of the wind into another kind of energy: heat, mechanical energy, electricity. This transformation is ensured by: horizontal and vertical wind generator of household and industrial series and wind power plants.
Such devices are used by large energy companies or the state to supply electricity to industrial facilities. Turbines, which have a capacity of tens of megawatts, are most often located on windy areas (open uplands, coasts). The generated electricity, as a rule, goes directly to the network, while for stabilizing the rotation of the blades - the wind turbines must be additionally equipped with special mechanisms.
The advantage of this method of obtaining energy can be said infinitely:
Ecological compatibility. Installations use a renewable energy source that can be used continuously without damaging the environment. Electricity generated by wind generators replaces the energy of thermal power plants, reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.
Versatility. Wind power stations can be built practically on any territory: on plains, in mountains, on fields, on islands and even on shallow water. Wind energy is most needed in remote places, where it is difficult to conduct the usual electrical communications. Wind generators allow to establish power supply of objects, which will not depend on random factors (for example, from fuel not delivered in time).
Economical. If you compare windmills with traditional sources of electrical energy (gas, peat, coal, oil), bicycle turbines can significantly reduce energy costs. Quite often, the construction of a wind farm is cheaper than connecting to existing power systems. The installation of windmills can act as an alternative to the use of expensive diesel generators, further reducing the cost of transportation and storage of fuel to 80%.
Conclusion
Analyzing the above material, it can be concluded that reclamation of dumps of coal mines is a very urgent task. Therefore, the development of new technologies, the environmentally safe and cost-effective use of waste dumps and the use of alternative energy sources is very urgent now. The method of such use is the reformation and management of the state of rock dumps using autonomous wind power plants. In the conditions of coal mining areas of Donbass there are all prerequisites for the effective location of wind power plants and the use of wind energy. Such an integrated approach will allow simultaneously solving several technical and technological problems to improve the environmental safety of the Donbas region.
When writing this essay, the master's work is not yet complete. Final completion: June 2018. The full text of the work and materials on the topic can be obtained from the author or his supervisor after the specified date.