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Abstract

Contents

Introduction

Football fans sometimes accuse the judge of the wrong decision. Unnoticed offside, unfair removal of the player from the field, a tough game, after which there should be no punishment - all this is practically in every second match. But the fans are especially angry because the referee does not count the goal. Agree, very disappointing to see the loss of the team just because of the inattention of one rights.

Sometimes it is very difficult to determine if the ball crossed the goal line or not. It is especially problematic to make a decision to a judge, if he was far from the penalty or at a decisive moment looked the other way (this can happen because, for example, one of the players fell or started a quarrel). Whatever the outcome, the referee is all equally charged. Either fans of the attacking team, or fans of the defenders.

1. Theme urgency

Known as goal-line technology, the system allows you to determine a successful attack on the opponent's gate in football using technical means. At the same time, she informs in detail and accurately the football referee about the complete crossing of the goal line by the ball. This technology was officially approved by the International Council of Football Associations, responsible for determining the uniform rules of the game of football in the world, July 5, 2012.

The first international tournament, which tested the system of automatic determination of goals, was the club World Cup, which was held in December 2012 in Japan. Then the innovation was used at the Confederations Cup 2013 and at the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. In the future it is planned to introduce such systems at the level of national championships. It should be noted that these systems serve not only to determine the goal in football, but also help judges to take solutions in other sports such as cricket, tennis, golf, athletics and others.

For the first time the talk that FIFA should keep pace with the times began during the 2010 World Cup in South Africa. In the match 1/8 finals between the teams of England and Germany, the ball after a long-range strike by midfielder Frank Lampard England ricocheted off the crossbar crossed the goal line and jumped back into the field. However, the referee is not counted, and the match ended with the victory of German players (4: 1). The error of the arbitrator was seen by the whole world, recognized it and the head of FIFA Sepp Blatter. But then Blatter declared, that introduction of technical innovations will lead to long stops and in the end will negatively affect the entertainment of matches.

Against expressed and the head of UEFA Michel Platini, according to which the judging errors are an integral part of football and they can not be dispensed with. However, in the match England - Ukraine, held in the final stage of the European Football Championship in 2012, the referee outside the gate did not count the goal after the impact of the Ukrainian striker   Marco Devic, which was the last straw in the debate about the introduction of "electronic" judges[1].

2. Purpose and objectives of the study

In order to achieve the goals and objectives, you need:

  1. Movable object, in particular a sports object, for example, football or hockey, washer, having a radio wave radiator means.
  2. A plurality of pairs of antennas located along the periphery of the flat target plane, of the two antennas of each of the pairs are disposed with a mutual offset in the direction, perpendicular to a flat target.
  3. A radio wave emitter device located in a mobile object and / or each antenna, and means for receiving a radio wave from a radio wave of a radiator means and provides an output respectively arranged in each antenna and / or mobile object, the system further comprises processing means for receiving and processing the output together with a predetermined set of conditions and providing a result if the conditions are met in order to determine whether Moving object passes into flat targets.

3. Choice of technology

Goal Line Technology is the common name of technology that determines whether the ball crossed the goal line[2]. Officially certified several systems based on two basic principles of operation: cameras capable of shooting at a high frame rate, and systems using magnetic field sensors.

Goal Line Technology

Рисунок 1 – Goal Line Technology[3]
(анимация: 8 кадров, 3 циклов повторения, 119 килобайт)

3.1. GoalRef

The GoalRef system was developed by the German Institute Fraunhofer together with the Danish manufacturer of sports equipment Select Sport. It works on the principle of detecting the passage of the ball by electromagnetic induction. Narayada with Hawk-Eye and Cairos, this is one of three systems approved by the International Council of Football Associations (IFAB) for use in professional games.

GoalRef was originally developed in Denmark by order of Select Sport, which put this system to the International Handball Federation. In 2011, along with the company-developer, Fraunhofer became a key partner in the development of GoalRef and brought the system to the first stage of testing, conducted by the Swiss  State Laboratory of Materials Science and Technology for IFAB. GoalRef and Hawk-Eye became the only systems allowed before the second stage of the tests.  At this stage, GoalRef was tested on the Danish Super League games. According to the results of the second stage of the tests, on July 5, 2015, both the GoalRef and Hawk-Eye systems,  were found suitable for use in professional games, which led to changes in the rules of the game. GoalRef was first used on December 6, 2012  year and for the first time at the International Club World Cup (Japan, 2012)[4].

The GoalRef system uses the principle of electromagnetic induction. The low-frequency magnetic field created around the gate is analyzed by means of coils, installed on the bars and the upper crossbar. In the ball, between the skin layer and the rubber chamber, a closed loop is built in. The computer monitors the state of the magnetic field in the gate and records the changes that occur in it when the ball passes through a frame of coils beyond the goal line. When a ball is detected, the system in real time sends an encrypted radio signal to the orbiter's wristwatch, which starts to vibrate and displays information on how, that the goal is made[5].

3.2. Hawk-Eye

The Hawk-Eye system (which can be translated as hawk eye) is already used in competitions in tennis and cricket, represents six installed in different points of the cameras, images from which are combined into one picture, determining the exact location of the ball hit, after which the judge receives a signal about the goal. All Hawk-Eye systems are based on the principle of optical triangulation. They use time-bound images, obtained from several high-speed video cameras located at different points and at different angles around the space in which the game is played. In tennis, 10 cameras are used. The system processes images coming from high-speed cameras at high speed and compares the received data about the position of the ball with the parameters of space and the rules of the game, which are set in advance. In each frame received from each camera, the system identifies a group pixels that correspond to the image of the ball. Then it calculates the position of the ball in three-dimensional space, based on its position on the images, obtained from at least two different cameras at the same time. The sequence of these images gives information about the way in which follows the ball. The system is also able to calculate the subsequent trajectory along which the ball will move, including interacting with the space of the game field. The system analyzes these interactions, providing data on violations of the rules of the game, if any. The system creates a three-dimensional graphic image of the trajectory of the ball and the playing space. This information can be submitted to referees, viewers or coaches in practice in real time. In the most complete set of the system, the system has the capability of collecting and archiving data, which makes it possible to identify and analyze statistics and trends for a particular player, play, make comparisons, and so on[6].

The disadvantage of Hawk-Eye is its high cost, as well as technical limitations - for the operation of a computer system it is necessary that at least 25% of the ball was in the field of view of the cameras. The advantage is in entertainment, because repetitions of dangerous moments rendered in the 3D program will surely cause a lot of sharp feelings of the fans. The Hawk-Eye is well established, and UEFA is going to install the system in the stadiums during the Europa League matches from the 2017/18 season.

3.3. GoalControl-4D

The GoalControl-4D system was developed by the German company GoalControl[7]. It is the first automatic head detection system, applied at the World Cups. The system is based on the use of high-speed cameras, without the use of chips in the balls and the like. The essence of the system is the following - the cameras will be located along the perimeter of the field - seven on one gate. The position of the ball is continuously recorded in three axes coordinates. Camcorders are connected to a computer processing system that filters players, judges and any other objects that may become an obstacle to determine the goal. It remains only the ball - its position should be known to within a millimeter. To signal that the goal took place, there will be a special wristwatch from the main referee after a split second after the ball has crossed the goal line.

GoalRef technology was chosen to use the technology of automatic head detection. Hawk-Eye and GoalControl 4D systems at times more expensive than GoalRef.

Conclusion

The goals and tasks of the work were set, and the technology chosen for further work was chosen.

When writing this essay, the master's work is not yet complete. Final completion: June 2018. Full text of the work and materials on the topic can be obtained from the author or his supervisor after the indicated date.

References

  1. Система автоматического определения голов [Источник]
  2. Футбол будущего: технологии «честного гола» на Евро-2016 [Источник]
  3. Goal-Line Technology preparations underway[Источник]
  4. Система определения гола: как это работает? [Источник]
  5. Goal-line technology edges closer [Источник]
  6. Новые информационные технологии в футболе [Источник]
  7. Триангуляция против эффекта Доплера: битва технологий на футбольном поле [Источник]