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Introduction

Ideal – a philosophical category, which is understood as an independent beginning, like immaterial reality. In this sense, in the idealistic tradition, it is often understood as having priority of precedence and greater importance. Since the existence of the material – perfect opposites – conditional, is secondary to the ideal, and the priority in the ontological-existential sense, has a perfect. Therefore, the ideal is also, according to the idealistic tradition, the absolute reality. However, most of the idealistic tradition do not claim to be critical of the provisions concerning material. Therefore, the material also has the status of reality, but due to perfect.

Based on this, the problem of the ideal in philosophy and in religious studies, is probably one of the most fundamental and categorical important topics. Its inexhaustibility is confirmed by thousands of years of philosophical debates. On the way to solution of this problem it is necessary to consider world experience in this area. Therefore, the conceptual study of this kind.

1. Theme urgency

Proceeding from the fundamental significance of the topic, its relevance is confirmed by the fact that it is a matter of dispute for over a dozen centuries. Stopping more, we can say the following. In addition, this topic is definitely relevant in the framework of almost any philosophical discourse, it is also applicable for the solution of specific issues, in some cases, ideological plan. For example, it is multidimensional. An idealist can be, solving the fundamental question of philosophy, and in particular questions, you can and completely. So, occupying a position relative to an ideal, it is possible to radically change the methodology, meanings and understanding, for example, the following Sciences. Ontology – the recognition of a perfect beginning in Genesis, epistemology – the recognition of the knowledge, and axiology – theory of values, as well as in almost any field of philosophy of science. Based on this, the topic is relevant both in General and regarding almost any areas of philosophy in particular.

The object of study – the history of philosophical and religious thought.

Subject of research – the problem of the ideal.

2. Goal and tasks of the research

The aim of the study is to reveal the essence of the problem of understanding the perfect as a philosophical category.

Objectives of the study:

  1. To reveal the essence of the problem the perfect.
  2. To reveal the conceptual certainty of perfect.
  3. To consider the essence of the ideal as a subject of discussion in the philosophical thought of the USSR in the 60-80 years of the 20th century.
  4. To study the feature of perfect understanding in religious thought.
  5. The results will be conceptually solving the problem in perfect historical perspective of philosophical and theological thought.

3. Overview of research and development

3.1. Review of international sources

First and foremost among them highlight the works of Plato and Aristotle. Plato left the most elaborated theory of idealism in Antiquity. He interpreted the ideas as the prototypes of material things, which are intelligible, and the world of ideas as true being. In late ancient philosophy, the major representatives of idealism were the Neoplatonists Plotinus and Proclus [6].

Античные философы, внёсшие большой вклад в понимание идеального

Античные философы, внёсшие большой вклад в понимание идеального
(Сократ, Платон, Аристотель, Плотин, Прокл)

The middle ages were the heyday of idealistic philosophy. It's safe to say that everyone (with rare exceptions), the representative of the medieval philosophy, especially in Europe, both Western and Eastern, was an idealist. This can be attributed to the famous Eastern philosophers and theologians – Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory Palama, Gregory the theologian, Basil the Great and others. Also idealistic was Western thinkers from Boethius and John Scott Eriugena, to John Duns Scott. Idealists, of course, were proponents of all positions on the question of universals, one of the main disputes, a decision which divided the medieval thinkers. Idealists were Anselm of Canterbury, Thomas Aquinas, Pierre Abelard. Idealism dominated in the Arab world – his position was shared by Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Arabi and others [10].

In the period of the Renaissance the position of idealism weakens [7]. For example, Leonardo da Vinci in his treatises argued already as a materialist. Ficino and Montaigne were much more materialistic, although not openly stated criticism of idealism. But in all these periods it is impossible to talk about materialism and idealism in the modern sense. All the works of these thinkers, the primary sources can be attributed to idealism, or materialism only conditionally, as the philosophers themselves have not yet mastered this terminology, with its modern values. Neither Boethius nor Campanella wrote about their commitment to a particular direction in this dichotomy, because such definitions has not happened. But the height of current results we can conditionally specify their positions as closer to one or another direction.

So, a massive shift away from the idealism enshrined in a New time, when idealists become even less [9]. In addition to the Renaissance anthropocentrism, which influenced the development of materialism as the tendency of thought of the era, developing neurocentrum and mechanism. Second to a greater extent than the first asserts the thesis of materialism, however rigorous and well-defined difference yet. One of the most famous theses of the era reveals the position of many thinkers of that time voiced by La Mettrie "man-machine". It best illustrates the mood of the era. However, during the same period, lives and works, for example, D. Hume, a famous philosopher, who can be called an idealist. The term idealism introduces Leibniz. And in the time of the French Enlightenment we can talk about materialism and idealism as such. Thinkers of the Enlightenment were especially committed to him.

Лейбниц.jpg

Лейбниц

Materialists, fully or partially, were: Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Smith, Ferguson, and many others [8]. Finally, on conceptual idealism and materialism, of a strong system and with the other hand, we can talk after the German classical philosophy. Representatives of this direction were Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel. They were all idealists. This period was a kind of Renaissance of idealism in the materialistic Europe after the Renaissance and New time. Particularly revealing and well-developed here was the system of G. W. F. Hegel, who was an objective idealist, and created a comprehensive system of philosophy.

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Гегель

So, after this stage of the development of philosophy conceptualizers idealism and materialism as the opposite directions in the understanding of almost all problems of philosophy, as different systems of philosophy. "Gravedigger" the German classical philosophy L. Feuerbach was named, perhaps exaggerated, since the German idealism remains to this day one of fully developed and relevant systems, in contrast to the repeatedly kritikovat philosophy of Feuerbach. But, at the same historically confirmed the transition to a new period of philosophical thought it was after the publication of his works. Then, in 1848, Karl Marx publishes the Communist Manifesto, and supports this own metaphorical "ghosts walks in Europe, the specter of communism", what can be said about materialism. After this event, the materialist worldview start to develop especially quickly.

If the 19th century we can still call the era of confrontation between materialism and idealism in the 20th century, materialism is dominant in many cultures and countries. In the 20th century we can begin to speak more often about the criticism, though one can argue the decrease in the number of primary sources. Primary sources, of course, continue to be developed, but critical review of his predecessors is particularly important. Of course, Leibniz, Hegel, and Marx, and even more than that, Diogenes Laertius in Antiquity, wrote criticism regarding both the idealism and materialism (with certain specified amendment on the understanding of the meaning of these terms), but in the 20th century, it especially develops, becomes, so to say, conceptual-philosophical genre that is often written not for the approval of their provisions (as is very often informed. criticism of the predecessors, followed by own position and conclusion), and for your sake, for research achievements and positions, ideologies predecessors. Many philosophy of the 20th century originated in the 19th century and for these ages is more appropriate to speak about areas and schools, rather than on individual thinkers, to illuminate the full picture. Thus, the main lines of thought of this period is phenomenology, hermeneutics, existentialism, structuralism and poststructuralism, pragmatism, neopositivism, analytic philosophy, and others. Among them were philosophers as representatives of idealism, and therefore left as the primary sources and criticism of idealism as directions, as representatives of materialism, with the same heritage. Critical studies materialistically oriented philosophers of the ideal and idealism, and Vice versa, which also took place less frequently.

Thus, perfect as a philosophical problem was considered, studied and understood by the representatives of philosophy in all ages, up to the present day, and continues to be studied [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20].

3.2 Review of national sources

The Russian philosophical tradition until the early 20th century was for the most part it is idealistic, that is why she gave so much to the perfect understanding. In the 20th century, the ideal continued to be the subject of discussion, which further deepened the understanding of the problem of domestic thinkers. I must say that in relation to these issues is the domestic philosophy is an advanced and demonstrates a deep understanding of the problem.

So, the first domestic thinkers were philosophers (check that philosophy in a strict sense it was not, rather it is the thinkers), as Metropolitan Hilarion, Cyril of Turov, Theodosius and others. All Russian thinkers until the 17th century can uniquely identify a greater tendency to idealism, again, with updating the approximate values of this term, given the characteristics of culture thought of era. Russian thought of this period were interested in more, sometimes in the absolute degree, it questions perfect and idealistic character. This trend was generally sustained until the Enlightenment, when it certainly has not ceased to exist and continued its development, but along with her came another. The first Russian materialists (though it wasn't strict materialism, such as M. V. Lomonosov, as well as Voltaire, it is possible to find manifestations of both types of worldviews, therefore, the classification here continues to be conditional) were such philosophers and scientists as D. I. Mendeleyev, Lomonosov, N. And. Novikov, A. N. Radishchev and others. But, as mentioned, the idealistic tradition has continued to evolve.

This gave the possibility of all the great Russian philosophers of the 19th and 20th centuries. This period in the history of Russian philosophy is called characteristically "Russian idealism", or "Russian religious philosophy". Thus, all Russian thinkers belonging to this area left the primary sources through which you can assess the depth of their understanding of ideal categorical philosophical sense. To this direction belonged to all the philosophers of the Russian Empire, and later of the Russian emigration, with the exception of the directions of populism, anarchism, Marxism and positivism, as well as some individual specimens. It is possible to allocate such current – Slavophilism and Westernism as one of the earliest (they have rarely considered actually perfect, so they can be referred to here in General), pochvennichestvo, which is particularly represented by F. M. Dostoevsky, tolstoyism, cosmism, sophiology (possibly within which the problem of the ideal in all its relations were considered the most valuable), among which was V. S. Solovyev, and many others.

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Флоренский

The next step in the comprehension of the category of perfect was a philosophical debate that has arisen in the USSR in 60-e years of the 20th century, which was actually devoted to the problem of the ideal as such. This in work will be given particular importance. Among the main representatives of the various parties to the dispute need to identify Ilyenkov E. V., M. A. Lifshits, D. I. Dubrovsky [2, p. 3], [3, p. 59], [4, 5]. As a result of the debate was proposed and substantiated a new concept of solution to the problem the perfect [11], [12], [13].

Ильенков.jpg

Ильенков

3.3 Review of local sources

Among studies in this area carried out in DonNTU it is first necessary to note the numerous works of Ragozina T. E., candidate of philosophy. D., Assoc., head. DEP. "Philosophy". In these works there is not only a deep analysis and understanding of this problem, but also considered many related issues, especially at the junction of such areas of philosophy as philosophy of culture, philosophy of history, social philosophy.

Conclusion

The result of this work it is planned to reveal the essence of the problem of the ideal in philosophy and religious studies, to analyze the history of the issue and come to an understanding and presentation of its essence. The results of the study will be useful for understanding the ideal of philosophical and religious categories for their further consideration, because it will contain analysis of the latest developments and achievements of thinkers and conceptual characteristics.

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