ru ua

Energy efficiency of apartment buildings

Autoabstract

Currently, energy saving is one of the priorities of the state. This is due to the shortage of basic energy resources, the increasing cost of their production, as well as global environmental problems. It is known that most of the energy resources in the country are produced from fossil fuels (90 %) [1]. Energy saving is an effective use of energy resources through the use of innovative solutions that are technically feasible, economically justified, environmentally and socially acceptable, do not change the usual way of life. This definition was formulated at the United Nations International Energy Conference (MIEREC).

A large part of the energy consumption, the heating. and the fourth part of all energy is for hot water supply. Heat consumption in Russia, as well as energy saving in this area are actively regulated by many regulatory and legal documents. In 2009, the Federal law of November 23, 2009 was adopted in order to create economic, legal and organizational bases for improving energy efficiency and promoting energy saving. №261–FZ On energy saving and energy efficiency and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation [2]. The effect of this Federal law applies to activities related to the use of energy resources, defines the powers of the authorities, primarily legal regulation in the field of energy conservation and energy efficiency. In accordance with the adopted Federal law, state regulation in the field of energy efficiency and energy saving is carried out. This law introduced the concept of "energy efficiency class". Before taking any measures to improve the energy efficiency of the house, in addition to assessing the energy efficiency class, it is necessary to assess the condition of the building as a whole. The Supervisory authorities determine the energy efficiency class of an apartment building, and the developer and the owner of the house place an energy efficiency class indicator on the facade of the house. Owners of buildings, structures, structures are obliged during the entire period of their operation not only to ensure the established indicators of energy efficiency, but also to carry out measures to improve them. Once every five years, energy efficiency indicators should be reviewed for improvement. In the composition of the governance requirements for the energy efficiency of buildings, buildings, buildings: energy efficiency indicators for the project in General; energy efficiency for architectural planning solutions; energy efficiency indicators for the elements of the object and structures, as well as materials and technologies used in the overhaul. The measures to improve energy efficiency include: increasing the thermal resistance of enclosing structures, improving the energy efficiency of the heating system, saving water (hot and cold), saving electricity, saving gas.

All projects of buildings, buildings and structures are subject to mandatory examination at the stage of approval of technical specifications for construction and at the stage of feasibility study (FS) or project. Moscow city standards energy Saving in buildings. Standards for thermal protection and heat, water and electricity supply stimulate designers not only to improve the thermal protection of the external fencing of the building, but also to apply more effective control systems of heat supply for heating, energy-saving technologies and optimal space-planning solutions of buildings. Improving the thermal properties of wall structures remains one of the main tasks in the creation of energy–efficient buildings. It is possible to allocate various ways of increase of resistance to heat transfer of modern wall protections. Among them – the increase in the thickness of a homogeneous wall construction; an increase in the thickness of the insulation layer in the building envelope; reducing the bulk density of aggregates used for making wall blocks and panels. The main advantages of insulation of enclosing wall structures by spraying polyurethane foam (PUF) are: low weight insulation, no seams (cracks), no cold bridges, long service life (up to 50 years), the timing of work 10–15 times faster [3]. The main condition for the preservation of the thermal properties of thermal insulation materials is its dry condition. This is due to a significant increase in the thermal conductivity of the material when it is moistened. Failure to comply with the conditions leads to an increase in energy consumption of the building, freezing of structures and the appearance on its inner surface of black mold with the detachment of finishing materials. Physical aging of building envelopes is accompanied by damage to the surface layers.

Precipitation, penetrating into the body of the wall of concrete or brick, freezing, increase in volume and destroy their surface layer. This process is irreversible in time. At the same time, physical aging is accompanied by chemical aging. Water in the capillary system of the material takes aggressive reagents, abundantly contained in the city's acid rain inside the building envelope and cause corrosive destruction of concrete and brick.

List of references

  1. Аверьянов В. К., Подолян Л. А., Тютюнников А. И., Зарецкий Р. Ю. Энергоэффективный дом. Первые результаты эксплуатации и предложения по совершенствованию систем. Информ. бюлл. Теплоэнергоэффективные технологии № 3, 2002.
  2. Федеральный закон от 23 ноября 2009 г. № 261–ФЗ Об энергосбережении и о повышении энергетической эффективности и о внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации (с изменениями от 8 мая, 27 июля 2010 г., 11, 18 июля, 3, 6, 7, 12 декабря 2011 г.).
  3. Презентации лекций Расчет и проектирование энергоэффективных зданий М. С. Сергеев, А. Г. Гоньшаков – Владимир, 2013 – 45 с.
  4. Магистерская диссертация Применение современных технологий с целью повышения энергетической эффективности бизнес–центра Фландрия Плаза Д. Н. Ефремник – Санкт-Петербург, 2016 – 75 с.
  5. Учебное пособие Методы повышения энергоэффективности зданий М. В. Попова, Т. Н. Яшкова – Владимир, 2014. – 111 с.
  6. Ливчак В. И. Экспертиза энергоэффективности строительства зданий, журн. АВОК № 7, 2003 .
  7. Фадеева Г. Д. Повышение энергоэффективности жилого фонда за счёт малозатратных технологий (на примере г.Пензы) [Текст] / Г. Д. Фадеева, К. С. Паршина, Е. В. Родина // Молодой ученый. – 2013. – № 6. – С. 156–158.