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Abstract

Содержание

Introduction

Water is a resource without which people cannot live. Water purification is one of the most important processes, since a person is 80 percent water and uses it daily for his needs. The issue of disinfection of drinking water is one of the most pressing in the life of modern man. The complication of the ecological situation on the planet is the main factor that leads to a deterioration in the quality of water we use. Also, water quality is strongly influenced by the characteristics of groundwater, climatic conditions, wastewater, which contain a large amount of chemical pollution. HighVerkhne-Kalmiusskyquality water disinfection is one of the most important stages of water treatment.

One of the objects that carry out wastewater treatment to drinking water quality and the transfer of drinking and industrial water to consumers is Donetsk RPU KP Company Voda Donbassa and Verkhne-Kalmiussky filtration station [1].

1. Relevance of the topic

Drinking water needs disinfection due to the presence of a large number of pathogenic bacteria in it that can cause irreversible changes in the human body.

Disinfection of water – the process of disinfection, in which the destruction of microorganisms and viruses, which have a significant impact on the development of infectious diseases, both in humans and animals. This stage of water treatment is one of the most important for both domestic and industrial needs. That is why the development of the use of new reagents for water disinfection is relevant, since chlorination has a large number of disadvantages.

2. The purpose and objectives of the study

The aim of this work is to improve the process of water disinfection at the Verkhne-Kalmiussky filtration station of the Donetsk RPU KP Company Voda Donbassa.

To achieve this goal it is necessary to perform the following tasks:

  1. describe the technological scheme of water purification and disinfection at the Verkhne-Kalmiussky filtration station;
  2. review the existing methods of water disinfection, and, after analyzing all the methods described, select an acceptable method for the experiment;
  3. to conduct laboratory research of the selected method;
  4. compare the results obtained with the requirements for the quality of drinking water;
  5. to make an ecological and economic assessment of the developed measures;
  6. to draw conclusions about the feasibility of implementing the selected method in the process of water purification at the filtration station.

Research object: the method of water disinfection at the treatment facilities of the Verkhne-Kalmiussky filtration station.

Research subject: analysis of the possibility of replacing disinfecting reagent at the Verkhne-Kalmiussky filtration station.

Planned scientific novelty: the use of a more modern and safe for life method of water disinfection at the sewage treatment plants of the filtering station.

3. Description of the technological scheme of the production of drinking water at the VKFS of Donetsk RPU KP Company Water of Donbass

The composition of the treatment facilities for any type of water source and method of water treatment should ensure its safety in epidemiological terms, the harmlessness of the chemical composition and favorable organoleptic properties [2]. Water purification is carried out according to a typical technological scheme and contains the following main and auxiliary facilities:

  1. mixers;
  2. flocking chambers;
  3. horizontal sedimentation tanks;
  4. quick sand loading filters;
  5. reaction chambers;
  6. clean water tanks;
  7. reagent economy;
  8. storage tanks wash water;
  9. pump station 2nd lift.

The basic technological scheme of the production of drinking water at the VKFS of Donetsk RPU KP Company Water of Donbass is shown in Figure 1.

The principal technological scheme of the production of drinking water at the VKFS of Donetsk RPU KP <q>Company <q>Water of Donbass</q></q>

Figure 1 – The principal technological scheme of the production of drinking water at the VKFS of Donetsk RPU KP Company Water of Donbass

Water from surface water enters perforated mixers, where reagents are simultaneously introduced that help reduce turbidity, color, the intensity of smells and tastes, and the removal of organic matter.

Then the water enters the flocculation chambers and then into the horizontal septic tanks. There, water is clarified by precipitating large flakes of coagulant with contaminants adsorbed on them. The precipitate formed as it accumulates is removed to the storage pools of the wash water, and the clarified water is sent for further processing to fast filters [3].

Here is the final purification of water by filtering through a layer of quartz loading. Depending on the quality of water in the surface source, as well as the mode of operation of the filters, the loading is contaminated and should be washed with clean water. After that, the washing water is sent for cleaning in the storage pools of wash water.

The last stage is water disinfection with chlorination to ensure water safety by microbiological indicators.

Purified and disinfected water enters for storage in clean water tanks, from where the pump station of the 2nd lift is supplied to consumers.

4. Review of existing methods of water disinfection

The most well-known and acceptable methods of water disinfection are: chlorination, ozonation and UV water disinfection.

  1. Chlorination. The chlorination process is the introduction of a certain amount of chlorine, bleach or sodium hypochlorite into the water to be purified. As a result of the disinfecting action of chlorine, which consists in the oxidation and inactivation of enzymes that are part of the protoplasm of bacterial cells, their death occurs. However, the chlorination method has its drawbacks [4]. Chlorine itself is the most dangerous element. Reacting with organic substances in water, it forms dangerous carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds such as chloroform and dioxide;
  2. Ozonation. Ozone has a high bactericidal effect and ensures reliable disinfection of water (after its clarification). It has a number of advantages compared to chlorine – it is obtained directly at the water treatment plant, it does not degrade the taste, has several disadvantages. So, when ozone comes into contact with organic compounds in water, the assimilated oxidizing components may form in the disinfected water, which is an ideal medium for the reproduction of various viruses and bacteria. In addition, water ozonation is a complex and expensive technology that requires special equipment. To obtain ozone requires special ozonizers, powered by high frequency current and high voltage. Air to the ozonizers must be supplied pre-dried. To carry out the disinfection process, special contact tanks are required, in which ozone must be thoroughly mixed with water (the disinfection process lasts 20-30 minutes);
  3. Ultraviolet disinfection. The destruction of bacteria in the water can be achieved by treating the water with ultraviolet rays. Bactericidal action mainly has ultraviolet rays with a wavelength in the range of 2200-2800 A. Different types of bacteria have different degrees of resistance to the action of bactericidal rays, which is taken into account by the coefficient of resistance of bacteria, determined as a result of research. The process of water disinfection with bactericidal rays is carried out on special installations in which water flows through a relatively thin layer of sources of bactericidal radiation – mercury-quartz or argon-mercury lamps. Water subjected to irradiation should have the highest permeability to bactericidal rays, that is, it should be more transparent. The disadvantages of the method include the lack of simple and reliable ways to control the effect of disinfection and the inability to use the method for disinfecting waters, characterized by increased turbidity and color [5].

5. Selection and justification of the most effective method of water disinfection

A review of possible methods of water disinfection demonstrated all their advantages and disadvantages. However, we did not take into account that in our Donetsk region residual chlorine takes a huge place after disinfection, and thus ozonation and ultraviolet disinfection are not advisable to use at the FSC. However, military operations are taking place in the Donbas for a long time. Due to the fact that the filtering stations in this region are under fire, the transportation of liquid chlorine is quite dangerous and problematic. Vehicles that deliver chlorine to industrial sites in tanks are under constant threat of damage. In an emergency, damage to tanks may occur, which will cause a large amount of toxic chlorine to be released into the atmosphere and this will become a real environmental catastrophe. In this regard, it is necessary to improve the method of water disinfection at the filtration station.

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate, which is classified as a high level disinfectant, is the modern, allowed and most suitable reagent for water disinfection.

Means Zhavel-Clayd manufactured by Societe Nouvelle Clade (France) contains sodium dichloroisocyanurate (80-82%) and is free from all the disadvantages of liquid chlorine. Keeping all the advantages of the chlorination process, water disinfection using this tool avoids the difficulties associated with the use of highly toxic, explosive and highly corrosive liquid chlorine [6].

The active ingredient and chlorine-containing carrier of the Zhavel-Clayd agent is the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid. In the absence of water, this salt does not decompose due to the bound state of chlorine atoms; therefore, it is safe for people and the environment; it does not require the use of special safety measures. When interacting with water, the salt secretes hypochlorite (hypochlorous) acid HClO, which acts as an oxidizing agent, evolving oxygen, chlorinates the amino and imino groups of proteins, and has a powerful antimicrobial effect. OCl ions present in the chlorine solution, directly interact with the cells of microorganisms, causing them to irreversible processes that lead to metabolic disturbances in the cells of microorganisms and their death. The most sensitive to the action of hypochlorous acid are typhoid bacilli, dysentery and cholera vibrios.

Zhavel-Clayd can be used to disinfect drinking, waste and mine water; disinfection of systems and individual water supply and sanitation facilities; factory disinfection enterprises.

We suggest using this tool as a disinfecting agent at the Verkhne-Kalmiussky filtration station in two stages:

  1. at the first stage, the agent or its mother liquor will be introduced into the treatment plant before the mixer or before the pumps of the first lift to prepare the water for the next treatment, improve further cleaning processes, and improve the sanitary condition of the facilities;
  2. in the second stage, the agent or its mother liquor will be injected after the filters into the supply line of purified water into clean water tanks to ensure the necessary concentration of residual chlorine in the water before it enters the distribution networks and to guarantee a reliable state of the water supply system [7].

At the moment, on the basis of the Central Control and Research Design and Research Water Laboratory KP Company Water of Donbass, we are experimentally confirming the possibility of using Zhavel-Clayd as a disinfectant with different concentrations in the water under study.

Conclusion

Theoretical and experimental studies suggest that for disinfecting water at the Verkhne-Kalmiussky filtration station it is advisable to use the disinfectant Zhavel-Clayd, because it has all the disinfecting properties, is a safer reagent in use, and its storage and transportation are less problematic and life threatening.

When writing this essay master's work is not yet completed. Final Completion: May 2019. The full text of the work and materials on the topic can be obtained from the author or his manager after the specified date.

References

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