Содержание
- Introduction
- 1. Practical significance
- 2. Analytical literature review
- 3. An approach to the unification of synthesis of Moore FSM on FPGA
- Conclusion
- References
Introduction
Glass breakage is the most difficult to dispose of solid waste, in case of contact with the environment, it causes serious environmental damage for centuries. But at the same time, glass is a valuable material, for the receipt of which natural raw materials and significant energy resources are spent.
The share of cullet in municipal solid waste accounts for about 15%. Taking into account the fact that, unlike other components of solid household waste, glass cannot be oxidized or decomposed, it should be recognized that the amount of glass accumulated and continues to flow into the environment is comparable to the natural geological resources used by mankind.
One of the ways to utilize glass is to use it as an additive in building concrete.
Concrete is called artificial stone materials, which are obtained as a result of solidification of a thoroughly mixed and compacted mixture of mineral or organic binder with water, fine or coarse aggregates taken in certain proportions. By curing, this mixture is called a concrete mix.
1. Practical significance
The practical significance of the work is to obtain concrete with new properties due to the recycling of recycled glass.
2. Analytical literature review
The composition of the concrete mix is selected so that under given hardening conditions, the concrete has the desired properties (strength, frost resistance, density, etc.).
It should be noted that from an environmental point of view, glass is considered the most difficult to dispose of waste. It is not subject to destruction under the influence of water, atmosphere, solar radiation, frost. In addition, glass is a corrosion-resistant material that is not destroyed by the overwhelming amount of strong and weak organic, mineral and bio-acids, salts, as well as fungi and bacteria.
One effective way to process cullet is to add crushed glass to cement concrete, as a special additive.
Concrete prepared on cements or other inorganic binders is widely used in construction. These concretes are usually shut off with water. Cement and water are the active constituents of concrete; as a result of the reaction between them, a cement stone is formed, which holds the aggregate grains in a single monolith.
Not a small fraction of the fillers for concrete. However, the expansion of production of the main types of aggregates of concrete can not always be realized. Deposits of non-metallic materials such as building stone, sand and gravel mixtures and building sand can not always be used, since they are built up, are located in floodplain river terraces or in other protected areas. At the same time, household and industrial cullet, which currently does not find sales, but which has high strength characteristics and availability, is practically not used as a placeholder for concrete. About 35–40 million tons of municipal solid waste are generated annually in our country, with only 3-4% of MSW being recycled. The amount of cullet for various territories is 6–17 wt. % The annual volume of cullet falling on landfills of municipal solid waste amounts to 2–6 million tons. Compared with the annual need for aggregates, this value is small, but it is necessary to take into account the environmental effect not only of the disposal of the solid waste component, but also the possibility of reducing the extraction of natural resources when replacing on raw materials of anthropogenic origin. In addition, the use of waste is 2-3 times cheaper than natural raw materials, fuel consumption when using certain types of waste is reduced by 10–40%, and the specific investment by 30–50%.
Adding crushed glass to concrete may affect the properties of concrete, in particular its strength. There is no consensus about whether the strength is reduced or increased.
To regulate the properties of concrete and concrete mix, various chemical additives and active mineral components are introduced into their composition, which accelerate or slow down the setting of the concrete mix, make it more plastic and workable, speed up the hardening of the concrete, increase its strength and frost resistance, regulate its own deformation concrete, arising during its hardening, as well as, if necessary, change other properties of concrete.
The use of man-made waste, in particular cullet, in the manufacture of binders and concretes based on them is one of the promising areas of modern materials science, which has become most relevant in recent times.
Conclusion
Glass is the most difficult to dispose of solid household waste, so the problems of disposal are so acute. Adding crushed glass to concrete is one way to process it. However, it is worthwhile to use a finer fraction of crushed glass, since it is this fraction that has a positive effect on one of the main properties - strength.
References
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