Abstract

Abstract on the topic of issue robot

Content

• Relevance
• 1 Parameters check to monitor
• 1.1 Temperature and relative humidity
• 1.2 Carbon dioxide
• 1.3 Carbon monoxide
• 1.4 Volatile organic compounds (VOC)
• 1.5 Formaldehyde
• The work plan
• References

Relevance

The modern man, living in a big city, is subjected to a variety of negative environmental effects. The air may be polluted as machines and industrial emissions and harmful substances emitted by objects in the room (eg furniture made of low–quality chipboard, laminate, plastic of low–grade plastic toys).

Another danger – poisonous carbon monoxide gas emitted when burning under conditions of oxygen deficiency.

Besides air pollutant is man himself, exhaled carbon dioxide, a high concentration which leads to negative consequences.

Every day a person consumes between 20 and 30 kg of air. The air we breathe has a great impact on our health, well–being and performance. According to the Agency for environmental protection, indoor air pollution is one of the biggest environmental risks to human health. The level of contaminants in premises often several times higher than outdoors. This promotes the development of respiratory diseases. Poor indoor air quality can cause headaches, drowsiness, dry eyes, nasal congestion, nausea, fatigue and other symptoms.

More recently, a comprehensive air quality monitoring was not possible in everyday life, now there are sensors that allow to detect the presence of harmful substances in the air and indicates the need for ventilation or find the source of contamination if the ventilation fails.

1 Parameters check to monitor

1.1 Temperature and relative humidity

Air quality monitoring system would not be complete without a measurement of temperature and relative humidity, as they determine the human comfort, located in a controlled environment. The figure 1 below shows a graph of your comfort zone.

1.2 Carbon dioxide

One thermometer for the control of air in the room is not enough. Even with the air conditioning is often cool, but stuffy. The stale air. Is greatly influenced by the concentration of CO2.

The concentration of carbon dioxide in pure atmospheric air is 0.04%. Typical CO2 levels in the atmosphere cities – 0.06 – 0.08%. Studies show that carbon dioxide in the room is a substance which even in low concentrations may adversely affect the health and human health (see. Table.).

Indoors source of CO2 is the man. Therefore, in the absence of ventilation, the concentration of the harmful gas in the air space is growing very fast. In this case oxygen, which it seems to us that we do not have, in the air there are enough.

Carbon dioxide is a very negative effect on the human body and is a carcinogen. Overexposure to high concentrations of CO2 can cause weakness, drowsiness, headaches, trouble concentrating, or even negative changes in the blood. Due to the constant effect of high concentrations of CO2 is increased acidity of the blood, leading to acidosis. In this human body bad it metabolizes nutrients and minerals such as magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium. Acidosis can cause diseases such as diabetes, problems with the locomotor apparatus, problems of the cardiovascular system, general weakness. People with asthma or allergies, especially acutely vulnerable to the negative effects of carbon dioxide.

When the concentration of CO2 in air above 600 ppm (0,06%) sporadic complaints already appear on air quality. At concentrations of 800–1000 ppm (0,08–0,1%) each are in the room feels deterioration of air quality.

Table – Effect of concentration of carbon dioxide in the room on human health

1.3 Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide – a substance that has no color and odor. Another name for this compound – carbon monoxide. The formula – CO.

Carbon monoxide – is a strong poisonous substance that enters the body, leads to disruption of its organs and systems. This material does not smell, which undoubtedly multiplies its dangers, since man does not know about his presence in the air. The entire body is forced to work in conditions of hard oxygen deficiency. This leads to serious consequences: damage to the heart, brain, lung, skeletal muscle.

Permissible content of carbon monoxide is considered about 20 mg / m3 (the maximum value). The concentration in air of more than 0.1% leads to death within one hour. By increasing the concentration of a substance in the air develop symptoms of hypoxia, ie oxygen deficiency.

Factors which is formed due to carbon monoxide:

• fires in confined spaces;
• failure to comply with the rules of operation of gas equipment;
• violation of stove heating operation;
• prolonged exposure to cars in an unventilated garage;
• tobacco use, particularly hookah.

1.4 Volatile organic compounds (VOC)

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – a group of chemical compounds which are based on carbon. They can easily evaporate at room temperature. Most people are able to feel the smell of high levels of some VOCs, however, for the most part VOCs have no odor at all.

In everyday life, used by thousands of different chemicals that contain VOCs. This, in particular, acetone, benzene, ethylene glycol, methylene chloride, perchlorethylene, toluene, xylene and others.

Most common objects in our homes emit VOCs. This can be a variety of materials (adhesives, paints, lacquers, thinners, wood, plywood, particle board, to furniture fabrics, carpets, etc.), household chemicals (air fresheners, cleaning agents and disinfecting), cosmetics and hygiene products, naphthalene oil (fuel oil, gasoline), the vehicle exhaust gases. Also volatile organic compounds may evaporate during cooking, cleaning, smoking, during use of non–electrical air heaters, copiers and others.

At that time, as the VOC all predisposed to be harmful, there are some VOC, which may be particularly dangerous, and, despite this, a number of distinguished products in our homes. These VOC are formaldehyde, benzene and phenol, are defined as dangerous contaminants classification US Environmental Protection Agency air environment (EPA), US Green Building Council (USGBC) and European Union (EU). Studies argue that value above 500 ng / L (nanogram per liter) of volatile organic compounds can be hazardous to health in the home. However, the research results show that the mean value of 1200 ng / l – more than two times the size of the allowable level. Even moderately elevated levels of these chemicals in the air can cause in people with health problems, especially in young children.

1.5 Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde (CH20) – ostropahnuschy colorless gas, which has the highest toxicity. Its use in large quantities to the furniture factories, medical, timber industry, it a mandatory component of plastics and particleboard. And without the DSP, as we know, can not be the production of modern furniture. Phenol–formaldehyde resin makes the furniture cheap, but at the same time dangerous to human life and health, because caustic mass content of up to 18% by weight of the chips. This mass is constantly emit formaldehyde, which negatively affects the respiratory, eye, nervous system, etc. Actually, this is a carcinogenic substance inhibits the entire body.

Domestic sources of formaldehyde:

• DSP (from which most of the furniture is made);
• plywood, MDF, OSB (used for decoration and insulation of houses);
• laminate flooring and other flooring, baseboards, doors and slopes MDF.

Most intensively formaldehyde is released in a warm room with high humidity. The process of allocation is aggravated by poison poor ventilation, and the purchase of expensive furniture does not eliminate the poison formaldehyde.

Effect of Formaldehyde on human

This toxic substance causing the allergy, cancer, leukemia and mutational changes in the human body.

The work plan:

1. Justification and a choice of monitored parameters.
2. Rationale measuring ranges of monitored parameters.
3. Overview of the methods and means of measurement of monitored parameters:

3.1 Measurement of temperature and humidity.

3.2 Measurement of CO2.

3.3 CO measurement.

3.4 Measurement of formaldehyde.

3.5 Measurement of VOCs
4. Selection controlled parameter sensors.
5. Approximation sensor characteristics.
6. Development of the structural scheme and the algorithm of the device.
7. Investigation of the effect of destabilizing factors on the measurement result and its error.
8. Development of algorithm destabilizing influences compensation.
9. Selecting the method for remote access to measurement results.
10. Development of the concept and software.
11. Creation and testing of a prototype.

References

1. Агафонов И. П., Девятых Г. Г. Масс–спектрометрический анализ газов и паров особой чистоты, М.1980.– 458 с.
2. Чижевский А. Л., Аэроинизация в медицине. Труды ЦНИЛИ Проблемы ионификации. Т. 3. Воронеж, 1934, с. 118 – 326 с.
3. Мещеряков А. Ю., Федотов Ю. А. Проблемы оценивания аэроионного состояния среды обитания. //Приборы и системы управления. 1998 № 11. С.75–79.
4. Баркалов Б. В., Карпис Е. Е. Кондиционирование воздуха в промышленных, общественных и жилых зданиях. М.; Стройиздат, 1982.
5. Бирюков С. В., Дианов С. Н. Программа расчета воздушного режима здания// Сб.стагей МГСУ: Современные технологии теплоснабжения и вентиляции. М.: МГСУ, 2001.
6. Ватуля И. М., Сухорукое О. А. Распределение концентраций примесей в городском воздухе. // Гигиена и санитария. 1971,№8.– С. 63–66.
7. Ветошкин С. И. Санитарная охрана жилищ. Медгиз, М., 1999 г., 193 с.