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Abstract

At the time of writing this abstract, the master's work has not yet been completed. Estimated completion date is May-June 2023. The full text of the work, as well as materials on the topic, can be obtained from the author or his supervisor after the specified date.

Contents

Introduction

Human civilization is constantly evolving. However, technological progress, like many things in our world, has two sides: it makes our life more comfortable, but its constant companion is man-made disasters. And the further we follow the path of technological progress, the greater the consequences of disasters. Take for example one of the largest in history man-made disasters - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant [7], where the tragedy was caused by the actions of the plant personnel, who himself turned off the automation that could prevent trouble. And at the infamous chemical plant in Bhopal, India [8], where in 1984 half a million people suffered from a poisonous release, the automation was out of order or even dismantled for repair.

At the enterprises of the nuclear, oil, gas, chemical industries, as well as the construction industry, equipment operating at high temperatures and overpressure. They represent a production technological hazard, since in case of violation of their normal operation mode or due to defects in their manufacture, explosions can occur, accompanied by the destruction of buildings and equipment, injuries and deaths of people, significant material and social losses.

Explosions can be the result of overheating, pressure drops, vibration, water hammer, etc. At nuclear power plants, most of the fission products in a typical reactor are contained inside fuel pellets. Extensive leakage of radiation can only occur when the fuel elements containing them are destroyed. One of the reasons for the destruction of fuel rods can be their melting under the influence of high temperature.

Over the past 15-20 years, rapid prototyping and HIL systems have helped design - create more advanced control system logic. Currently, new technologies are expanding the use of such systems for accelerated design.

Human civilization is constantly evolving. However, technological progress, like many things in our world, has two sides: it makes our life more comfortable, but its constant companion is man-made disasters. Moreover, the further we go along the path of technological progress, the greater the consequences of disasters. Let's take for example one of the largest man-made disasters in history - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, where the tragedy was caused by the actions of the plant personnel, who themselves turned off the automation that could prevent disaster. And at the infamous chemical plant in Bhopal, India, where half a million people suffered from a toxic release in 1984, the automation was out of order or even dismantled for repairs.

At the enterprises of the nuclear, oil, gas, chemical industries, as well as the construction industry, equipment operating at high temperatures and overpressure is widely used. They represent a production technological hazard, since in case of violation of their normal operation mode or due to defects in their manufacture, explosions can occur, accompanied by the destruction of buildings and equipment, injuries and deaths of people, significant material and social losses.

Explosions can be the result of overheating, pressure drops, vibration, water hammer, etc. At nuclear power plants, most of the fission products in a typical reactor are contained inside fuel pellets. Extensive leakage of radiation can only occur when the fuel elements containing them are destroyed. One of the reasons for the destruction of fuel rods can be their melting under the influence of high temperature.

Over the past 15-20 years, rapid prototyping and HIL systems have helped design - create more advanced control system logic. Currently, new technologies are expanding the use of such systems for accelerated design.

1. Relevance of the topic

In order to prevent accidents and man-made disasters in production, hybrid intelligent systems are needed that automatically control, warn, protect and notify the operator about critical events that occur at a really functioning facility. The creation of such an information system is a topical issue.

An automatic information system for measurement, registration and control is a hardware and software complex that responds to an unpredictable stream of external events. The device must respond to critical events that occur at the facility. Even if two or more external events occur simultaneously, the system must have time to respond to their increase / decrease.

2. Purpose and objectives of the study, planned results

The purpose of the work is to create a system for semi-natural modeling of hybrid complex control processes using graphic programming tools.

To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set:

  1. Create a model of the functioning of the energy complex using the "virtual device" technology with its semi-natural modeling.
  2. Learn the basics of programming in the LabVIEW environment.
  3. Develop an automated system for recording and monitoring simulation results in the LabView 2019 programming environment.
  4. Implement the researcher's dialogue interface with the model for the case when the threshold value is exceeded by the process quality criterion.
  5. Develop the design of a graphical representation in the dynamics of the simulation results on the created model.

The expected results of the work is a model of the power system developed using graphical programming tools with the possibility of semi-natural simulation of the hybrid complex control processes.

The subject of the study is a computer model of the energy complex, created using the "virtual device" technology, which can be interfaced with full-scale models and technical devices under study when monitoring the testing process of the complex.

The "virtual instrument" technology allows you to create systems for measuring, controlling and diagnosing systems for various purposes and almost any complexity, including mathematical modeling and testing of these systems, which is one of the new and revolutionary technologies.

The novelty of using a virtual instrument lies in the combination of a physical experiment and computer technology by creating a simulation model of the installation under study. An approach has been developed to automate the process of monitoring and recording the readings of the processes under study based on the LabVIEW software.

To solve the tasks set, the methods of checking measuring instruments, the method of simulation modeling when creating virtual models were used. Experimental verification of device performance.

3. LabVIEW Software

National Instruments LabVIEW [10] is a powerful graphical programming environment that lets you build flexible and scalable measurement, control, and test applications with minimal time and cost. LabVIEW combines the flexibility of a traditional programming language with interactive Express VI technology that includes automated code generation, measurement configuration wizards, application templates, and custom Express VIs. Thanks to these features, both beginners and experts can easily and quickly create applications in LabVIEW. The intuitive graphical programming process allows you to focus more on solving measurement and control problems rather than programming.

Applications written in LabVIEW are used all over the world in a variety of industries:

LabVIEW can be used at all stages of the workflow, from modeling and prototyping of products to large-scale production testing.[9]

LabVIEW supports a huge range of hardware from various manufacturers. This is what allows you to perform semi-natural modeling, greatly simplifying the mathematical component of the computer model. This software includes (or allows you to add to the base package) numerous libraries of components:

At the same time, LabVIEW is a very simple and intuitive system. An inexperienced user, not being a programmer, in a relatively short time (from several minutes to several hours) is able to create a complex program for collecting data and managing objects, which has a beautiful and convenient human-machine interface. For example, using LabVIEW, you can quickly turn an old computer equipped with a sound card into a powerful measurement laboratory.

4. Digital signal processing systems

Digital signal processing systems are becoming more and more widespread in various practical applications, replacing traditional analog systems. The success of digital systems is largely due to their compactness, provided by the use of integrated circuits of a high degree of integration, and the absence of the need for their tuning and adjustment. There are three different approaches to designing digital signal processing systems:

Moreover, two approaches are widely used to implement complex algorithms and require appropriate additional devices.

But there is a third fundamentally different approach. Using software and hardware and LabView software, a researcher can combine and link the work of computer models and physical models through information form converters to study the functioning of a semi-natural complex (Fig. 1).

Synchronization of the process of computer simulation and evaluation of the quality of the managed object in real time

Figure 1 - Synchronization of the process of computer simulation and evaluation of the quality of the controlled object in real time
(Animation: 8 frames, an infinite number of repetition cycles, 181 kilobytes)

This provides a lot of advantages because brings the simulation conditions closer to natural ones and avoids the difficulties of reproducing the nonlinear properties of the technical components of the system under study. At the same time, the most important role is played by the procedure for prototyping complex models when replacing them with simple prototypes, but focused on the reliable reproduction of precisely the aspects of interest of their impact on incident nodes.

5. Prototyping

The concept of "accelerated prototyping" has a special meaning in each case. This can be, for example, the creation of hybrid models of objects, the study of parts before serial production, the testing of code for application-specific integrated circuits using FPGA technology (Programmable Logic Integrated Circuit) [1]. In this case, we consider methods of accelerated prototyping used to test managers algorithms in real time, before running control directly on the embedded system, which is the main task of engineers involved in the modeling and synthesis of hybrid control systems.

New systems allow real-time testing of prototypes of full-scale components using a simulated environment, reducing the need for costly or destructive testing or the development and use for designing complex mathematical models of multiply connected matching nodes.

The first prototyping systems allowed engineers to test the algorithms of new designs and integration of software and hardware at the initial design stage. These original systems, representing, as a rule, specialized prototype installations, developed in the automotive and aerospace industries.

Relatively recently, commercial models of software and hardware systems have appeared that could provide opportunities rapid prototyping and semi-natural modeling. Suppliers offered standard system configurations, usually based on digital signal processors (DSP) [2] or advanced microprocessors such as Digital Alpha [3] or PowerPC [4].

6. Industrial Application

Rapid prototyping and HIL systems were especially in demand in the automotive industry. When designing vehicles, input/output data for functions such as ignition timing and crank angle, carried out using standard interface boards. Simultaneously with the introduction of these systems, tools became available system modeling, which made it possible to define algorithms and interfaces in a graphical form, as well as to reproduce the behavior of system models control on a workstation or personal computer. After the initial simulation, the simulators were paired with rapid prototyping and HIL modeling systems using automatically generated prototyping code. Because the funds system simulations could be used in conjunction with rapid prototyping systems, they became an integral part of the tool design process driving. The rapid prototyping systems ranged from robust on-board systems to large rack-mounted systems supporting a large number of input / output channels. The standard processor for prototyping systems was DSP [2] or Digital Alpha [3].

The controller in figure 2 interacts with the plant or motor through actuators and reads values or signals from sensors on the plant, forming a closed control system typical of automotive or aerospace design.

Control System Block Diagram

Figure 2 - Control System Block Diagram

This graphical model can be run and tested to verify the operation of the control system and the integrity of the plant model. Similarly, the automatically generated code (Figure 3) from the model setup side can be used in the simulation. feedback and plant performance to test prototype controllers in real time on industrial HIL simulation equipment.

Auto code generation

Figure 3 - Automatic code generation

Automatic code generation is used for rapid prototyping, semi-natural modeling and deployment of embedded systems.

Previously, rapid prototyping and semi-natural modeling systems were developed either by automotive and aerospace companies, or suppliers of proprietary systems. These were unique embedded systems that required internal support and maintenance personnel. Branded suppliers offered a range of standard configurations and, if necessary, provided annual maintenance and customer support contracts. Both types of systems were quite expensive, which limited their use by companies with the appropriate budget.

However, companies such as Eaton [5] and Caterpillar [6], attracted by the price and the possibility of scaling PC-based systems, began testing and they determined that personal computers can perform a significant number of tasks in rapid prototyping and semi-natural modeling. They began to install PC-based systems on existing equipment at a much lower cost per system. The first experiments of both As a result, companies have led to the fact that now most of their activities have been focused on these tools as part of the development process of embedded control systems.

Eaton [5], a manufacturer of transmission components for trucks, has designed a flexible prototype of a combined truck a vehicle for medium operating conditions, which was equipped with a control unit developed using model design tools. Since this hybrid transmission was a prototype, Eaton [5] tested the entire system on a real-time dynamometer a computer-controlled stand. Eaton engineers [5] developed and executed a number of different test scenarios and tested all components in the laboratory before testing in real road conditions. Eaton [5] tested the control unit as part of the entire system on a combined stand for fast prototyping and semi-natural modeling.

In order to reduce the time and cost, as well as minimize the hazards associated with road tests, Eaton [5] also required develop a simulator for semi-natural modeling. This simulator was supposed to simulate in real time the entire power chain of trucks in medium and severe operating conditions (including engine dynamics, main clutch, transmission, driveshaft, tires and road). The simulator is also it had to have an electrical connection with the gearshift lever, transmission regulator and other vehicle systems, to ensure the supply and signal acquisition, as well as automated testing using operational data.

In recent years, the support that rapid prototyping computer systems provide to I/O devices has increased significantly. Support for simple analog and digital I/O, as well as support for counters/timers, is now complemented by more advanced support for pulse width modulation, encoders, linear/rotating differential transformers, sine-cosine rotating transformers and other advanced features input/output. The availability of computer hardware components combined with the support of software drivers, as well as the rapid growth in the performance of PC processors have raised computer rapid prototyping systems to a level of performance comparable to the level of proprietary systems, with lower costs and commercially available equipment. Thanks to increased productivity and I/O capabilities, a number of automotive and aerospace companies he introduced computer systems of rapid prototyping and semi-natural modeling into his design processes.

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