Ukr   Rus
DonNTU   Masters' portal   FEMMI   MACP  

Summary on the theme of master's work

Content

Habituation

Recently, more and more shown interest in the introduction of energy efficient technologies autonomous decentralized heating systems. The objective prerequisites for the implementation of such systems is the ability to maintain a comfortable environment in the home of their own accord, which, in turn, is more attractive in comparison with district heating, where the temperature depends on the policy decisions of the beginning and end of the heating season; building, located in an area with poor engineering infrastructure, as well as an appearance on the market of a large number of different modifications of boilers of different capacities.

In the process of heating is important to ensure not only the comfort of home, but also to avoid causing significant harm to the environment. Maximum is balanced life support system in comfort terms and environmental sustainability in buildings, so-called "eco-homes".

Is inherent in the concept of eco-houses and such property as energy efficiency.

Energy-efficient building (energy efficient building) — the building in which the efficient use of energy is achieved through the application of innovative solutions that are technically feasible, economically justified, and acceptable from an environmental and social point of view. These include building low and zero power.

Green Buildings Energy efficiency is ensured through:

1. The relevance

Low efficiency of energy use in housing and communal services of Ukraine is the prohibitive costs providing energy needs homes main cause , huge financial obligations of the state in these sectors.

Low energy efficiency elements of the municipal energy cost increases, rising costs entail increased social tensions. At the same time, energy efficiency should contribute to sustainable development, as it aims to maximize the use of resources without compromising quality of life.

And the additional benefits brought by the activities undertaken by — reducing energy costs for the end user is the most desirable. Therefore, energy-saving measures should be a priority in the state environmental policy.

2. Statement of the problem

Main research

The goals and objectives

Selection of raw materials for the insulation is limited to the requirements of sustainability, efficiency, material recycling and non-toxicity in fire. Please be aware that the end user thermally insulating material (IM) — is a resident of ecovillage with a small income, away from populous cities. Life in the ecovillage imposes on the manufactured product should be disposed of construction and demolition waste in place. Thus, development of insulating material based on organic mineral granulation method achieved by the following steps:

  1. Selection of raw materials
  2. Selection of technology, allowing for the least energy-intensive products
  3. Selection of binder and additives for IM
  4. The ability to design the production line in place ecovillage, using local materials

The main requirements to the system of ventilation with heat recovery: efficiency, simplicity, adaptability and maintenance of air temperature in residential 20-22 oC, with relative humidity of 40-60%.

The main areas of work:

  1. Selection of the design parameters outside air
  2. Determination of technological parameters of the air conditioning and ventilation (ACV)
  3. Selection of the main equipment ACV

Seasonal energy storage system. It consists of passive energy systems such as solar collectors and heat storage.

To be sanctified the following items:

  1. Selecting solar collector payment its operating parameters
  2. Determine the type and technical characteristics of the seasonal heat accumulator

Additional equipment during peak heating load must be affordable for the end user and have short time payback period (3-7 years) .

Energy supply system is as follows:

The system of autonomous energy supply Green Buildings

Figure 1 — The system of autonomous energy supply Green Buildings (made in mp_gif_animator, 488 kB, 10 frames, 1 s delay between frames, 7 cycling)

Since the load of hot water throughout the year is relatively constant, it is necessary to provide for installation of auxiliary heater to operate below the operating temperature of the solar water heater. Also waterheater (WH) in cold climates should have a reliable safety devices against freezing.

The following tasks have to be solved:

  1. The calculation of the technical characteristics of the water heating system
  2. The account in the backup water heater to operate at very low ambient temperatures.
  3. Ensuring the availability of safety devices in the system against freezing

Planned results

Specific heat consumption for heating homes should be during the heating period not exceeding 90 kWh / sq. m usable area to be heated. Total primary energy consumption for all household needs (heating, hot water and electrical energy) should not exceed 200 kWh / (sq m / year).

3. A review of research and development

Energy-efficient buildings as a new direction in the experimental building emerged from the global energy crisis in 1974. They were a response to the experts International Energy Conference (WEC) criticism, the United Nations that modern buildings have huge reserves increase their thermal efficiency, but researchers have not studied the peculiarities of their thermal regime and the designers do not know how to optimize the flow of heat and mass in the fence and the building. In the same report, experts WEC was formulated by the main idea of saving energy: energy can be used implicitly is more efficient through the use of measures that are technically feasible, economically justified, and acceptable from an environmental and social point of view, that is, causes a minimum change their traditional way of life.

To date, the world's built a huge number of energy-efficient buildings [1].

Energy-efficient building components, such as thermal insulation with high thermal resistance, air-conditioning and ventilation, seasonal heat accumulators and other equipment for the energy supply of buildings is also significantly improved.

Interest primarily represent the development of which may be affordable to the average end user.

3.1 Thermal insulation with high thermal resistance

The global (world)

Among affordable insulation interesting development from natural materials, which provided an overview of Avrorin A. V. [2]. The possibility of their widely sanctified in the instructions for use of local building materials [3], developed by the the Russian Federation Federal State Unitary Enterprise TsNIIEPselstroy Agriculture Ministry, NPC "GiproNISelHoz." Detail the properties of insulation material based on wood-fiber products supplied AV Ermolina and Mironov P.V. [4]. Among insulating materials worth noting patent "Composition for thermal insulation material and insulation material based on it" [5].

Among foreign IM merit a patent on the technology of Richard Hundley lightweight building material from wood chips and concrete (Durisol) obtained in 1932 [6].

Among modern foreign insulating materials worth noting ecowool, whose popularity has only grown, given its adaptability, flexibility, environmental friendliness and price. Studied in detail thermal properties of cellulose fiber insulation IJ, Kershulis VI, Veyalis S.A. (Institute of "Thermal insulation", Vilnius) [7].

National

Problems thermal protection of buildings and objectives of the study of energy-efficient housing design decisions involved V. M. Dolgolaptev, I. N. Simonova, E. K. Nikolaeva and S. I. Simonov [8] (Donbass State Technical University, Alchevsk).

The use of thermal efficiency wall products of hollow porous ceramics and various porous concrete in the construction of energy-efficient considering Opekunov V. [9] (Academy of Construction of Ukraine, Kyiv).

Atinyan S. A. [10] developed a technology for processing of raw vermiculite in order to reduce the temperature of expansion and are received vermikulit concrete compositions using light vermiculite filler in cement and gypsum binder, as well as examples of its implementation in production.

3.2 Seasonal heat accumulators

The global (world)

Peter Moore, an American scientist defended the patent for the invention of "Multi-chamber heat accumulator for storing heat and electric power generation" [11] in 2008. The patent also discloses a method for generating electrical energy.

Forsstrom J. P. , Lund P.D. , Routti J. T. presented in a work titled "Economic Analysis of heat storage in power systems" [12]an overview of systems for the storage of heat in a large scale and centralized heating homes. Also, the authors evaluated the cost-feasibility of storing heat in these power systems.

Hazami M., Cooley K., Lazaar M., Farhat A. considered in "Quantitative characteristics of the storage of solar heat for heating greenhouses" [13] several methods that reduce the cost of heat fees and it further saving. The study of thermal energy storage system is carried out in the laboratory, scientists LEPT, Tunis. Conducted a study to measure the characteristics of the heat storage system that allows us to estimate the temperature of the soil, as well as the accumulated energy in the battery during charging and discharging.

Russian scientists Obozov A. D., Sankov V. I. and Nasirdinova S.M. are exploring the features of the solar installation with a seasonal heat accumulator for heating residential homes [14].

Kenisarin M. M, Karabayev M. K., scientists from Tashkent, Uzbekistan [15] describe the different types of seasonal heat accumulators. They also consider the technical and economic parameters of central solar heating systems with long-term storage heaters, which operate in the present, in various European countries, and presented the feasibility studies and the development of similar systems in the southern regions of the country.

Obozov A. D., Stoliarova M. V. [16] view the possibility of using solar energy in the Kyrgyz Republic, and highlight the existing experience of the use of solar energy. Having described the basic principles of "solar architecture", the authors identify the climatic conditions and their impact on the energy efficiency of the building.

Analysis of thermal heat storage modes performed Yakovlev I.Y. Novikov K. N. in [17].

National

Considerable research on the heat storage topic carried Strashko V. V. in [18] the specific energy characteristics of heat accumulators, using as a heat accumulating material water and water-paraffin mixture, and various modes of operation. Also [19] V. V. Strashko leads energetically cottage features and highlights the stages of construction of the seasonal heat accumulator, the principles determining its design parameters. In [20] proposed a methodology for the calculation and optimization of joint energy active building envelope (EABE) and soil seasonal heat accumulator (SHS), in the charge. Strashko V.V. provided a mechanism to evaluate the estimated effect of the energy from the operation of energy-active building envelope renovated buildings. In particular, in [21] shows the relationship of Architecture — design parameters energetically renovated roofs of buildings and their heating capacity for hot water supply. The paper identified opportunities to optimize heat urban redevelopment areas using renewable energy sources utilized by EABE and energy systems based on them.

Scientists Zaitsev O., Petrenko V.O., and Petrenko S.A. in [22] proposed a system of panel — Radiant heating and cooling of residential and public buildings. This system provides the ability to use it in a warm and transitional periods of the year, significantly increasing efficiency and reducing pollution.

3.3 Equipment for energy buildings

The global (world)

Deriugina G.V., Tyagunov M. G., Shestopalova T. A., and Yurikov V. A. [23] described an approach to the procedure for a feasibility study of the structure and parameters of the hybrid power facilities to the described models of the elements on the basis of renewable energy sources to be used in small distributed energy systems.

A. Gannon in his doctoral dissertation, "The Solar Turbines" University of Stellenbosch [24] investigates the performance of solar turbine and the requirements for their operation. A scientist has developed its own turbine design and experimentally proved its effectiveness.

Tursunbaev I.A. [25] (Tashkent, Uzbekistan), being the author of over 60 articles, two books and 36 patents and patents, performed more than 20 projects and solar thermal power plants based on Stirling engines.

National

Polishchuk V., Tarasenko S. [26] analysed of means converting solar energy into electricity and heat, and analyzed the cost-effectiveness of their use.

Podznoeva G. P., Abdulgazis W. A., and Abdulgazis A.U. examined in [27] the thermodynamic properties of the transformation of solar energy into electrical energy by means of a piston engine.

Elaboration of heat-insulating material based on organic mineral granulation method

4.1 Choosing a feedstock

The use of insulation materials based on organic mineral possibly as concrete aggregate, the structural element of floating floors, floor coverings, coverings on sloped surfaces with moist air installation.

Selection of raw materials for the insulation is limited to the requirements of sustainability, efficiency, material recycling and non-toxicity in fire. Additional advantages of manufacturing organic-insulating materials is spread throughout the feedstock, which implies the absence of spending on transportation.

Preparation of heat-insulating materials (IM) of organic mineral granulation and agglomeration method offers significant advantages in improving the uniformity of the phase, porosity and water absorption control.

The feedstock for the production of TM divided into inorganic representing finely porous particulate materials and organic — wood and agricultural wastes or a specially processed material, the porous polymeric beads.

Inorganic porous filler origin are divided into two groups: natural and artificial.

The natural porous fillers include sand with a bulk density of not more than 1400 kg/m3, obtained by crushing followed by sieving porous rocks. Depending on the type of source rock distinguish volcanic sands and sedimentary origin. The former include the sands derived from pumice, volcanic ash and tuff. Most frequently used pumice sand density of 500 ... 600 kg/m3, having closed porosity and therefore weakly absorbing water and gives solutions with high resistance to frost.

By the sands of sedimentary rocks include sands, resulting from the crushing of porous carbonate (coquina, calcareous tuffs, etc.) and siliceous (diatomite, tripoli, flasks) rocks. Sands of sedimentary rocks strongly absorb water and can be macerated in water-saturated state (this is particularly true for siliceous). The solutions to these sands are less strong and hardy than on the sands of the volcanic rocks.

Of inorganic porous aggregates of greatest interest expanded clay, perlite, agloporit, vermiculite, etc.

Expanded clay — rounded grains of red-brown color produced rapid firing pellets of fusible clays. Clays from which the concrete block during rapid firing can swell in 3 ... 5 times. This expanded clay granules with a surface melted to swell, forming the inner space of a finely porous black structure. The density of expanded clay granules 600 ... 1800 kg/m3, clay gravel — 250 ... 800 kg/m3. Granule size gravel is 5 ... 40 mm.

Expanded clay sand is produced by crushing and sieving of expanded clay clay gravel. In the latter case, it has a dark gray color. Stamps expanded clay sand with bulk density are 500 ... 1000.

Agloperit sand is produced by crushing cakes resulting from sintering (sintering) granulated batch made of natural mineral raw materials (clay, shale, diatomite, tripoli).Agloperit spectrum after firing to disperse the crushed and broken stone and sand. Stamps agloperit sand with bulk density are 600 ... 1100.

Shungizit obtained by crushing rocks, which in turn is prepared by firing shungizit rocks. Such rocks have the ability to grow by heating in volume 3 ... 4 times, while retaining sufficient strength. Shungizit sand by the bulk density divided by grade are 500 ... 900.

Expanded perlite sand is produced by firing of volcanic glass (perlite, etc.) containing a small amount of bound water. When heated and softened glass water turns to steam and swells the granules at 10 ... 20 times. Perlite is extremely floaty: its bulk density of 75 ... 250 kg/m3. Color perlite is white or light gray.

Expanded vermiculite get swelling of the mineral mica group — vermiculite. Vermiculite interlayer space contains water and therefore when heated up to 350 ... 400 ° C swells, increasing in volume by 20 ... 25 times. This formed plate light golden granules having a bulk density of 100 ... 200 kg/m3.

Dorsil — very durable porous filler produced a special thermal treatment of waste glass production. During the heat treatment the material swells, gets the specified color and glass-crystalline structure. Dorsil is highly decorative (it can be any color — white, blue, purple, green), very high strength and wear resistance. Dorsil is used in the manufacture of decorative mosaic blends for warm floors of public buildings [28].

Organic raw materials include sawdust, chopped straw, peat moss. They are used as a filler for thermal insulation plaster, in dry conditions, and is also used for cooking gipsoopilochnyh mastics.

Straw, grass, leaves, reeds, cane — traditional, ancient building materials. The advantage of pressed straw bales is their low cost, high load capacity, high thermal resistance and high thermal capacity. These features allow you to build energy-efficient houses made of straw, as the energy costs for the production of straw insignificant. After the expiration of the use of straw it can be turned into fertilizer composting process and returned to the soil. Straw agreed with the principles of sustainability, provided higher levels of fire resistance and impact resistance of bio-organisms.

Sawdust can also be quite effective for the thermal insulation of horizontal surfaces after treatment with substances that increase resistance to insect and small animals. They are also traditional material for plates with various types of binders.

Modern organic IM [29] have a number of drawbacks that do not allow to fully compete with the likes of IM, as expanded polystyrene and mineral wool, in terms of water absorption, bio-and fire-resistance.

At the same time, given that the expanded polystyrene and mineral wool does not satisfy the requirements of sustainability, non-toxicity and ease of recycling.

Thus, the materials are good ingredients of raw materials in the manufacture of structural elements of buildings and structures. Connectivity of traditional organic materials (straw, reeds, sawdust) with polymer coatings and inorganic additives allows to purchase new properties of the finished material, such as fire resistance and impact biorganizm resistance, while having the desired density, strength and thermal properties, and most importantly, provide ecological insulating structures.

4.2 Stages of insulation granules

The process of converting organic material into finished insulation somehow pass through the following steps:

  1. Shredding;
  2. Drying;
  3. Granulation.

Reflect the sequence of steps in the following production scheme of TM (Fig. 2)

Figure 2 — Flow sheet of production of thermal insulating granules: 1 — shredder, 2 — dryer, 3 — granulator

The main equipment used:

1. Shredding — Chopper;

Figure 3 — Diagram of the chopper: 1. – Incoming batcher 2. — The feed conveyor 3. — feed rollers 4. Unloading deflector 5. — Blade cylinder 6. — chassis 7. — Electric drive.

Chopper operates as follows: grindabilite subject come in feed conveyor 2 is supplied via the feed rolls 3 towards the drum 5, enters the working chamber between the blade and the surface of the drum body. Knives plate with comb projections (diffusion) modify the subject to cut and move the wedge of non-milled parts, thereby causing its continuous progress until the complete grinding[29], [31], [33].

2. Drying — aerodynamic in a fluidized bed dryer;

Fig. 4 — Diagram of the dryers :1 — Batcher 2 — dryer, 3 — feeder 4 — fan 5 — cyclone

Material is fed into the machine from the hopper 1 through a screw feeder 3 and unloaded through the pipe 5. The height is adjusted by changing the height of the tube. Steady gas distribution grid is provided by [30], [32].

3. Granulation – Granulator with spouted bed;

The liquid component is supplied to "cap" the flowing layer with external mixing pneumatic nozzle 5, the solid component — with the help of the metering screw feeder 3. Powder enters the downward moving catalyst stream in a peripheral area spouted bed and evenly distributed between the catalyst particles. To prevent clumping of the particles, air fed is heated into the machine in the heater 8. Excess solid component separated in the cyclone 7 and is recycled. The shell thickness is determined by the deposition the liquid component composition process flow and air entering apparatus temperature [34], [35], [36].

Fig. 5 — The experimental setup in the spouted bed granulator: 1. — Capacity 2 — Flow control binder; 3 — screw feeder metering, 4 — partition; 5 — the injector 6 — the spouted bed apparatus; 7 — cyclone, 8 — Heater

Additionally will involve the following equipment:

In the future master's qualification work will be given a technical calculation performance mode on stages of the process.

4.3 Selection of binder and additives for thermal insulation granules

Currently, composite materials for use a wide range of polymeric binders are mainly classified into two broad classes: thermosetting and thermoplastic.

Insulating properties of the granules are determined by the properties of the filler (fibers) of the polymer matrix (binder) and the interface fiber-binder. How realized mechanical characteristics of fibers depends on the properties of the polymer matrix such as strength, hardness, ductility, fracture toughness, impact strength. Heat resistance, thermal stability, impact strength, weatherability and water resistance, chemical resistance, mechanical properties in the direction across the fibers is determined by the polymer matrix and the properties of the interface. Furthermore, the design should take into account the binders and technological properties (time and kinetics of curing, viscosity and pressure of the processing, wettability of reinforcing material, shrinkage, availability and toxicity of the solvent used, etc.) [37].

Selecting a binder made from the best adhesive bond strength of the organic filler and binder.

According to studies Fedina O.N. [38] may be recommended following binder: PVA, latex, cement, acrylic adhesive, liquid glass.

Supplementation can influence such parameters in the finished product, such as gas content, water-resistant, water duty, strength, flammability and resistance to frost.

To determine the degree of their influence on the parameters of IM is used concepts: the efficacy additive criterion — the indicator value (or indicators), the actions characterizes additive effectiveness main effect, the optimum dosage — the minimum dosage of supplements, allowing to obtain the normalized present the main technological and / or technical effect without reduction ( or with an acceptable level of decline) other quality mixing indicators and the maximum dosage — the maximum allowable dosage of additives specified in the regulatory or technical paper on which it is produced and used [39].

Conclusions

Improving energy efficiency in housing construction — an important perspective scientific task. This task is achieved by a system approach at all levels, from the architectural features of the building solar homes, completing the design of renewable energy equipment to ensure the autonomy of Green Buildings.

An important component of energy efficient eco-houses is insulation.

Development of a new thermal insulation of organic mineral IM — the way in ecological construction, affordable, and is comparable in quality to foreign counterparts.

The cost of finished products will be lower due to the use of local resources, and the opportunity to dispose of IM in place frees the territory allocated for the storage of debris under the planted area or location of future residential developments.

List of sources

  1. Табунщиков Ю.А., Бродач М.М., Шилкин Н.В. Энергоэффективные здания. — М.:АВОК-ПРЕСС, 2003. — 200С.
  2. Аврорин А.В. Экологическое домостроение. Строительные материалы. Новосибирск, 1999 – 73с.
  3. ОСН-АПК 2.10.22.001 – 04 Инструкция по применению местных теплоизоляционных материалов
  4. Ермолина А.В., Миронов П.В. Теплоизоляционный материал на основе древесно-волокнистых продуктов// Химия растительного сырья. 2011. № 3. с 197-200.
  5. Мальцев В.В., Разумовский А.В. Композиция для получения теплоизоляционного материала и теплоизоляционный материал на ее основе. — RU(11) 2200716(13) C2 . – 2003г.
  6. Щербаков А.С., Хорошун Л.П., Подчуфаров В.С."Арболит. Повышение качества и долговечности" 1979г.
  7. Гнип И.Я., Кершулис В.И., Веялис С.А. Теплофизические свойства эковаты// Строительные материалы. №11, 2000г. — с.25-27.
  8. Долголаптев В.М., Симонова И.Н.,Николаева Е.К., Симонов С.И. Проблемы теплозащиты зданий и задачи исследования энергоэффективных проектных решений жилых домов //Коммунальное хозяйство городов, Научно-технический сборник№84, 2008. с.159-162
  9. Опекунов В.В. Применение теплоэффективных блоков в конструкциях стен энергоэффективных домов// «Керамика: наука и жизнь», №1, 2(15, 16), 2012 с.1-13
  10. Атинян А.О. Эффективное применение низкообжигового вермикулитового наполнителя // "Науковий вісник будівництва" 2009-(52) с.1-4
  11. 11/776, 503. Многокамерный теплоаккумулятор для хранения тепла и генерации электрической энергии/ П. Мор, США. — US20080016866 A1; Заяв. 11 июл 2007; Опубл. 24 янв 2008 . — 14 с.
  12. Forsstrom J. P., Lund P. D., Routti J. T. Economic analysis of heat storage in energy systems// International Journal of Energy Research Volume 11, Issue 1, pages 85–94, January/March 1987
  13. Hazami, M., S. Kooli, M. Lazaar, A. Farhat and A. Belghith, 2005. Thermal Performance of a Solar Heat Storage Accumulator Used For Greenhouses Conditioning. Am. J. Environ. Sci., 1: 270-277.
  14. Обозов А.Д., Саньков В.И., Насирдинова С.М. Солнечная установка с сезонным аккумулятором тепла с.1-5
  15. Централизованные системы солнечного теплоснабжения с сезонным аккумулированием тепла (обзор). Кенисарин М.М., Карабаев М. К. – Ташкент: УзНИИТИ, 1987
  16. Яковлев И.Ю., Новиков К.Н. Анализ тепловых режимов аккумулирования теплоты с.1-5
  17. Страшко В.В. Некоторые аспекты использования водяных и водо-парафиновых аккумуляторов тепла в энергоактивных зданиях. //Реконструкція житла. Випуск 11, 2009. с.164-171
  18. Страшко В.В. Энергоактивный коттедж: сезонный аккумулятор тепла.// Реконструкція житла. Випуск 9, 2008. с. 285-294
  19. Страшко В.В. Совместная работа энергоактивной ограждающей конструкции и грунтового сезонного аккумулятора тепла в режиме зарядки//Энерготехнологии и ресурсосбережение. 2009. №5.с.31-36
  20. Страшко В.В. Расчётный энергетический эффект от эксплуатации энергоактивных крыш реконструированных зданий//ООО «Инсолар ЮСВ», г. Днепропетровск, с.1-9
  21. Зайцев О.Н., Петренко В.О., Петренко А.О. Снижение расхода энергетических ресурсов системами жизнеобеспечения за счет использования природных аккумуляторов тепла// Строительство и техногенная безопасность. Выпуск 41, 2012. с. 94-101
  22. Дерюгина Г.В., Тягунов М.Г., Шестопалова Т.А., Юриков В.А. Гибридные энергокомплексы на основе возобновляемых источников энергии// Вестник КРСУ. Энергетика. Том 12, № 10, 2012. с. 11-17
  23. Gannon А. Solar chimney turbine performance // Doctoral Degrees (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering)) University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
  24. Турсунбаев И.А. Термодинамическое преобразование солнечно-тепловой энергии на базе замкнутых циклов тепловых двигателей Стирлинга// Альтернативная энергетика и экология. № 4 (48), 2007. с. 122-127
  25. Поліщук В.М., Тарасенко С.Є. Технічні засоби конверсії сонячної енергії// Науковий вісник Національного університету біоресурсів і природокористування України 2011 — Вип. 166 частина 1 Серія "Техніка та енергетика АПК". — с. 2 — 10
  26. Подзноев Г. П., Абдулгазис У. А., Абдулгазис А. У. Особенности термодинамического цикла поршневого двухтактного электрогенератора с использованием солнечной энергии// Ученые записки Крымского инженерно-педагогического университета. Выпуск 29. Технические науки. Симферополь: 2011. с.32-37
  27. Легкие заполнители. Выбор стройматериалов GardenWeb http://gardenweb.ru/legkie-zapolniteli
  28. Карпенко А.Н., Халанский В.М. Сельскохозяйственные машины. – М:Колос, 1983. – 495 с.
  29. Мальтри В. Сушильные установки сельскохозяйственного назначения – М:Машиностроение; 1979. – 525с.
  30. Першин В.Ф., Однолько В.Г., Першина С.В. Переработка сыпучих материалов в машинах барабанного типа. – М.:Машиностроение, 2009. – 220с.
  31. Романков П.Г., Рашковская Н.Б. Сушка во взвешенном состоянии. – Л:»Химия», 1968 – 360с.
  32. Бузиков Ш.В. Совершенствование измельчающе-разбрасывающего устройства подборщика-измельчителя соломы из валков – Киров, 2009. – 23с.
  33. Вилесов Н.Г. Процессы гранулирования в промышленности – К:»Техника»; 1976. – 190 с.
  34. Овчинников Л.Н. Грануляция во взвешенном слое. – Иваново, 2010. 168 с.
  35. Классен П.В., Гришаев И.Г.. Шомин И.П. Гранулирование. М:»Химия»,1991 — 238 с.
  36. Алентьев А.Ю., Яблокова М.Ю. Связующие для полимерных композиционных материалов. М: 2010. — 69с.
  37. Федина О.Д. Теплоизоляционные изделия из древесных отходов и минерально-полимерных связующих: Дис. канд. хим.наук: 05.23.05. — Защищена ; Утв. . — Новосибирск, 2007 . — 122 с
  38. Химические добавки для модификации бетона : монография / В.С. Изотов, Ю.А. Соколова. — М. : Казанский Государственный архитектурно-строительный университет : Издательство «Палеотип», 2006. — 244 с.
  39. ГОСТ 24211-91. Добавки для бетонов. Технические требования. Источник: http://www.avtobeton.ru/gost/24211-91.html