Abstract
In a crisis, mining complicated not only poor funding, but also geological conditions that increase the amount of development workings in disrepair, and as a consequence increase injury workers.
In modern conditions of development of coal seams, the focus is on addressing the challenges flat seams. Indeed most of the Donbass mines produce practicing formations with angle not exceeding 10–12°, but do not detract from the value of industrial mining such formations as steep.
It was here in the array there are areas of intense geological charushenosti and joint testing of suites accompanied by the formation of adjacent layers multiple zones of high rock pressure. That is why there is a need to improve the methodology for excavation horizons in terms of their rational arrangement , as well as the application of innovative methods of protection that will keep developing in a satisfactory condition.
Figure 1 – Diagram to determine the immediate pressure stratified rock roof height floor
Central Donbass different complex geological conditions. Currently up to 85 % of the reserves are concentrated in thin and very thin steep seams (srednedinamicheskaya power in the district - 0.85 m); natural gas content - 12–25m3 per 1 ton of production, and it has a steady upward trend. The deposit is characterized by a high degree of outburst: it accounts for up to 55% coal and gas of the total industry. Given the geological disturbances constantly 76% of existing geological stopes moving violations .
Currently, in the Central region of Donbass are 14 mines that fulfill formations and steep fall polunaklonnogo . Industrial reserves are 257 million tons of coal, including coking coal - 174 million tons of energy - 82 million tons. The share of coal in the RAC bschem volume of coal in Ukraine in 2011 was 2.3 %, and coking coal - 5%.
Problems also creates a very low level of mechanization of coal production processes caused by unfavorable geological conditions. In 2010 this figure was 24%, in 2011 - 26%.
Experts emphasize that close existing mines is impractical because, as the cost of the project closing costs from 200 to 400 million USD, and to create jobs at a new mine horizon needs about 25–30 million, which will provide employment to 400–450 people. Coal industry also continues to occupy an important place in the economy of the cities in the Central Donbass. Gorlovka 16.5% of revenues to the city budget accounts for coal enterprises Yenakievo - 25%, and in Dzerzhinsk - more than 50%. Therefore, an effective national strategy against RAC.
Animation – Visual images of stress in the array at different methods of protection.
Total need for modernization of the coal combines 11 different types and 4 shield unit that will increase production by 220 thousand tons. The level of mechanized production will increase by 2.5 times and will be about 70%, and, in particular, on the SE "Artyomugol" reach 85% at the current 55-60%, which will increase production to 1 million tonnes and above.
In addition to increasing mechanization of production, the cost per tonne of coal can be controlled through improved methods of protecting development workings. Of particular interest is the protection of haulage drifts steep dip. Since the known methods of protection haulage drift require a lot of energy, or large losses of coal, but neither is any other case, we can not confidently make predictions about saving generation of a satisfactory condition.
The need for innovation as well highlights the fact that with increasing depth of mining begins to appear a natural factor, the bundles mezhduplastya rocks. In studying the processes of displacement and deformation of rocks has been proven that when mining steep coal seams under great depths the formation of zones of displacement and angle of incidence increases there is a tendency to shift rock layers on the bedding. Depending on the geological conditions of the zone separation wall rocks is at the top of the soil excavation and normal to the bedding of 4–8 m.
A distinctive feature of the breed is mezhduplastya content in them as layers and layers of coal and other rocks separated contacts often clayey lithologies. In discharge zones argillaceous rocks contribute to the bundle, and over time, there is a strong separation of layers of rocks and collapse (slide) thereof.
Earlier studies have found that the conditions for the formation of soil sliding rocks of coal seams is obligatory presence of a weak layer within the soil reservoir rocks. Slipping associated with separation from the rest of a column of the array precedes bundle. The latter leads to the loss of load- timbering in working face and the goaf and, as a consequence - to the possibility of failing not only stope, but some part of the preparatory workings.
Figure 2 – The Destruction of the array obtained by modeling equivalent materials.
The currently used methods for the protection of development workings of various kinds of wood structures do not provide a satisfactory condition supported mining, which requires a large amount of repairs that do not lend themselves to mechanization. However, the correct understanding of the nature of the development of displacement thickness mezhduplastya stratifying not only promotes the development of effective measures to preserve the stability of mine workings, rational arrangement of those in the sedimentary (carboniferous) array, but also reduce injuries not only during, but also when perekreplenii drifts.
Experience mining shows that the degree of influence of many factors can be controlled, actively controlled by man, but this underutilized. Displacement of rocks caused by the recovery process of the equilibrium state of the array, directed toward an artificially formed cavity development and, in most cases accompanied by deformation of the rock outcrops and the lining, which leads to an abnormality in the production.
The suddenness of dangerous situations is one of the peculiarities of unstable formations and sliding rocks. This is due to both mining and geological and mining- technical factors. The latter refers incomplete compliance applied methods of protection, and attachment means roof control conditions increased geological disturbances.
Given all of the above, we can conclude that prevailing in the Central Donbass mines situation is very serious.
It becomes clear the relevance of the topic of my master's work, and the importance of research in this direction.
In this master's work will be considered prior art methods of protection development workings, and offers innovative ways of implementations. It is also necessary to consider their effectiveness in economic terms.
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