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Abstract

Content

1. General characteristics of the work

Study

Modern sedimentary rocks are formed in accumulative landscapes and is full of man-made substance that is an important part of which consists of salts and toxic elements. In the process of water migration of technogenic compounds have a natural differentiation in a number of soil – aquifer soils – sediments.

Soils affected by anthropogenic pollution, in terms of leaching regime of the pollutant. In the process of water migration penetrate into groundwater and surface water, and in certain areas can be localized in the soils and aquifer sediments. Comparative characteristics of the extent and nature of soil contamination and water – saturated sediments is an important task of environmental safety.


Goals and objectives of the research:

the Goal of the research is comparative ecological – geochemical assessment of soils, soils of the zone of water saturation and sediment of urban areas (on the example of Donetsk).


Tasks research are:

Research

Soils of the zone of water saturation and sediments.


Research Subject

Factors and processes in connection with the differentiation of anthropogenic substances in a series of soil water – saturated soils – sediments.


Research Methods

Collection and systematization of data, chemical – analytical study of the drilling, sampling, data processing using a PC.


Scientific novelty of the results:


Personal contribution of the author

the Author participated in field monitoring of soil, ground zone of water saturation, sediment.

2. Analysis, systematization and generalization of earlier studies

According to the study of soil has accumulated a significant amount of material.

Planning and implementation of environmental monitoring programmes: government, industrial, public devoted to the E.  V.  Venitsianov, V.  N. Vinichenko, T.  V. Guseva, S.  D. Dhiman, E.  A. Zaika, J.  P. Molchanov, V.  A. Surnin, M.  V. Khotuliov [1]. Special attention was paid to environmental monitoring, as well as simple and affordable techniques that do not require large expenditures, but allows you to make at least a General idea of the nature of the problem. Describes the features and scope of application of such an effective and low-cost monitoring techniques as visual observation, mapping, bioindication, etc., given background information about pollutants, the standards of different environments and methods of assessment of natural objects.

Rozanov, B.  G.  [2], considers that the morphology of soils is one of the fundamental topics of soil science, in concentrated form, reflecting the history of soil formation in the process of transformation of soils and the evolution of rocks.

A detailed study of the morphological properties of soils gives a key to the knowledge of the diversity of soil characteristics, representing a major step in the study of the Genesis of soils. Morphology of soils is an informational and methodological basis for the development of the classification and geographical trends in modern soil science.

The conditions of soil formation, accumulation and movement of salts in soils of the steppe zone of South-Western Siberia, as well as the influence of the processes of freezing and thawing of soils, autumn leaching regimes on salt regime voicesearch southern black soil and the crop considered in the work of P.  S. Panin, I.  B. Dolzhenko, V.  I. Chukanov [3].

Methods field and laboratory studies of soils in urbanized areas and also methods of micro-biological diagnosis of soils at different levels of anthropogenic digression. The methods of assessing the level of soil pollution with heavy metals in the work Fedorets N.  G. , Medvedeva M.  V.  [4].

A review of previously conducted research allows to make a conclusion that the problem of the state and pollution of soils in the environment have received much attention, but despite all this, it remains insufficiently investigated, as little attention was paid to the study of comparative characteristics of soil pollution. So very relevant is the consideration of the test data to identify causes of pollution halos.

3. General characteristics of the anthropogenic load of Donetsk

The formation of modern sedimentary rocks occurs under the influence of technogenic factors, whose influence within the industrial-urban agglomerations is a leading. Eventually formed a new type of precipitation, saturated objects of anthropogenic origin (plastic bags, bottles, glass, construction and other debris) and contains a large variety of anthropogenic salinity.

In terms of Donetsk accumulation of deposits noted in the modern accumulative landscapes – beams and river floodplains. Particularly active sedimentation occurs in the form of bottom alluvium of reservoirs for various purposes, which is represented mostly littered dispersed dark gray and black silt.

A significant portion of man – made substances, presented salt and toxic elements, until the localization in the silt goes way through the soil, the water – bearing soils in the bottom sediments. Soils exposed to direct anthropogenic pollution. Under the conditions of leaching regime precipitation technological connection of soil in water migration penetrate into the groundwater, where the level of the zone of saturation in the ground formed a halo salt replacement [5]. Wherein a substantial portion of salts of toxic elements and continues or resumes periodically migrate underground stream and output to ground water seepage areas on a surface, in most cases where they are mixed with surface water. Thus, the man-made substance indirectly to surface water and can be localized in the form of sediment. Throughout the designated path manmade compounds undergo a law-governed differentiation. To study the redistribution of man-made substances in a series of ground – water – bearing soils – sediments used the results of chemical analysis of soil samples, water – bearing soils and sediments, the authors selected in 2008–2013, the city within the city of Donetsk. For all samples analysis was performed of the aqueous extract and identify the concentration of the main group of toxic elements, typical of the study area.

Within the territory of Donetsk concentrated considerable number of objects of anthropogenic influence, representing the total man-made factors – numerous waste dumps, industrial site, sewers, houses with infield, garage, various industrial, construction, commercial and utility companies, a dense network of roads. The slopes and floodplains beams often serve the population of unauthorized waste disposal site.

4. Research methodology

Laboratory tests have been performed, have accreditation by standard methods.

The method of processing and analysis of the data laid down common guidelines and regulations [6], [7],[8], [9], [10].

5. The characteristic of the degree of soil pollution, soils and aquifer sediments

The study of the distribution of water – soluble salts in the soil, the water – bearing soils and sediments was carried out according to the analysis of aqueous extract.

Clearly established natural increase in the amount of water – soluble salts in the soil series – water – bearing soils – sediments (Fig. 1a). This suggests that manmade salt salinity in soils are not stable, partially localized at the level of the zone of saturation and accumulate in sediments, precipitating from supersaturated aqueous solutions.

Distribution of dry residue of salts (a) and pH (b) aqueous extract in a series of ground water – bearing soils – sediments

Fig. 1 – Distribution of dry residue of salts (a) and pH (b) aqueous extract in a series of ground water – bearing soils – sediments

The pH of the aqueous extract and natural changes in the test series (Fig.–1b). With an overall neutral aqueous extract samples investigated components of the geological environment at the level of the zone of saturation in the water – bearing soil pH decreases slightly and approaches to aqueous solutions with a weak acid, which is caused by intense notes here sulphate salinity. The sediments in the average pH increases somewhat due to lower concentrations of sulfates and sodium content of growth.

Salt composition of water extraction and natural changes (Fig.–2). Sulfate – bicarbonate calcium sulfate salinization replaced soda – lime in the water-bearing soil and chloride – sodium – calcium sulfate in sediments. There is a technological metamorphism at which hydrocarbons are replaced by sulphates and then chlorides, notes the increasing role of the sodium ion.

Differentiation of cations (a) and anions (b) water – soluble salts in the soil series – water –bearing soils – sediments

Fig. 2 – Differentiation of cations (a) and anions (b) water – soluble salts in the soil series – water –bearing soils – sediments

The behavior of toxic elements and patterns in the range of soil – water-bearing soils – sediments (Fig. 3). Charts are built on the average performance of representative samples of soil, water bearing soils and sediments.

Distribution of toxic elements in the soil series – water – bearing soils – sediments

Fig. 3 – Distribution of toxic elements in the soil series – water – bearing soils – sediments

Moderate total pollution with toxic elements observed in the sediments (Fig.–1a). In soils and aquifer rocks in the middle set allowable pollution.

For the coefficients of concentration (CC) of mercury, cadmium and lead is noted similar behavior within the test series (Fig.–1b,–1c,–1d). In soils of the lowest observed concentration of these elements, and water – bearing soils and sediments, and their concentrations are increasing at about the same level. No significant anomalies of the average values of Kc these elements do not form.

For arsenic, molybdenum and manganese showed a significant accumulation of sediments (Fig.–1e,–1f, 1g). Only molybdenum, there are also significant anomalous concentrations in soils to 3.07–units. geophone. For manganese and arsenic average Kc reflect the predominance of concentration at the level of the geophone in soils and aquifer soils. This behavior is quite natural for these anionic elements that accumulate in high alkalinity and movable in an acidic environment [11]. The minimum pH value is set to ground aquifers, and the maximum – in the sediments (see. Fig.–1b).

To set the highest zinc concentration in the soil (Fig.–1h). At the same time a decrease in the concentration of zinc in the aquifer to background soils and sediments. This may indicate a low migration capacity of zinc, which is localized at the level of the soil.

Findings

  1. The regularities of technological differentiation of salts and toxic elements in the geological environment of the city of Donetsk in a number of soil – water – bearing rock – sediment.
  2. The salts are washed out by precipitation and are located in water-bearing soils and more intensely in the sediments. It is noted regular.
  3. The results allow to make adjustments to the existing system of environmental monitoring.

      4. Список источников

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