Reznichenko DenisThe Subject of the exhaust work: Working out and research of the elementary industrial explosives |
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Author's Abstract
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IntroductionAt present blasting is the main method of rock separation from the mountain mass. Rock destruction by the explosion energy is the universal and practically the only method of rock preparation for the extraction.
Explosion is also widely applied in unconventional methods of minerals extraction. Effects of explosion are often used in construction of water-transport mains, embankment dams, dumps, and other reclamation projects. Blasting is widely used in various sectors of the national economy. Using of explosion energy makes it possible to cut down the designed periods of construction, labour-output ratio, and the first cost of constructions. Thus, the leading role of explosion science in the introduction of new technological processes in open and underground mining is absolutely evident. This determines the scientific interest shown to the physical issues of explosive action in the rock, and determination of the optimum mix of explosives[1].
Urgent Issues in the FieldModern studies prove numerous advantages of explosives prepared locally against the industrial explosives. Application of the locally prepared explosives reduces blasting costs and makes transportation and storage of large quantities of explosives relatively safe.The main problem in this field is the development of high energy explosive mixtures without explosive sensitizers, with minimal content of toxic components in explosion products, with water-resistance, and relatively low viscosity, that allow to make the process of mechanized boreholes loading quick enough. To solve this problem scientists must develop formulations of different locally prepared explosives: simple mixtures like ANFO or igdanites, slurry explosives like ifsanites, and emulsion explosives like poremites. It must be emphasized that all the explosives above have their advantages. Simple mixtures have minimum value; emulsion explosives are water-resistant; slurry explosives have maximum energy concentration in a blowhole. Development of new test techniques, design procedures of optimal compositions, and explosive characteristics of explosives with their further computerization are also important. As a result of the research work it is planned to develop a new environmentally appropriate slurry explosive with good physicochemical and explosive properties. For this purpose a number of tests are carried out to determine interference of the mixture components, chemical stability, qualitative and quantitative compositions. Novelty of the developed explosive is that starch is used in it as a thickening agent, structurer, and fuel material; an emulsifying agent is also absent.
Main PartThe first feature of commercial explosives is that they do not consume oxygen from air, but contain it in a bound form. Its emission takes place under the primary heat impulse that causes internal redox reactions of decomposition or interaction reactions of free substances with formation of final reaction products and release of the large quantity of heat. The second feature of the explosive is a supersonic velocity of heat energy release with its further transformation into kinetic energy of compressed gases. While expanding they commit the mechanical work and have dilapidating effects on the environment. The developed substance belongs to the slurry explosives because water contained in it is a working medium with the functions of inhibitor, retarder, plasticizer, and adsorbent. The explosive also contains an oxidizer, fuel, a sensitizer, a thickener, and a structurer [2]. The test, carried out earlier, shows that the mother liquor has the greatest influence on detonation completeness of the slurry explosive; it is an oxidizer, its major characteristics are pH and density. For the wet holes loading the water pH value must be in the range from 5 to 8, and the density must be not less than 1.23 g/cm. Maximum solubility is achieved by the combined dissolving of ammonium nitrate and nitrate of lime, that are the base of the mother liquor [3]. The developed explosive contains starch. The analysis of interaction of the component with the concentrated solution of ammonium nitrate, nitrate of lame, and sodium nitrate is carried out. Researches are conducted, they are aimed to determine the mother liquor’s optimum composition on basis of the reagents with the required consistency, viscosity, and density. It is also required to determine the quantity of the sensitizer (aluminium powder or glass bubbles), fuel, and the solid phase (grained ammonium nitrate) that can be added to the mother liquor to make the oxygen balance equals zero. It is necessary to study behavior of the mixture in the course of time and to select the appropriate storage life extender.
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