Abstract

Aims and tasks of the master's work:
1. The assessment of the coal industry's part into the greenhouse gas emissions in Ukraine;
2. The assessment of the air rate pollution and character in the town of Yenakievo and of the "Poltavskaya" mine area.
3. The identification of the anthropogenic pollutants' sources.

The object of the research workis "Poltavskaya" plant field.
The subject of the research work – is greenhouses and other air pollutants of "Poltavskaya" plant.
The methods of the investigation:
On different stages of the investigation different methods were used:
1) The literature data analysis was used to observe existing research works;
2)The statistics, correlation analysis and the methods of analytical and graphical data interpretation were used for data processing.

The science newness of the research work is in the following: for all existing analyses of the coal producers' air impact, the researches in the mine branch's rate in greenhouse gas emissions were not made.

1. Air pollution from global and local sources.

1.1. Greenhouse gas emissions in Ukraine

Greenhouse gases are the following: carbon dioxide (ัฮ2), methane (ัอ4), nitrous oxide (N2O), From 1990 to 2003the shortage of greenhouse gas emission volumes compounded:1) carbon dioxide – from 685,5 mil. tones ัฮ2 to 284,8 mil. tones ัฮ2or in is increased 2,4 times more; 2) methane – from 151,2 to 74,1 mil.tones ัฮ2 or 2 times more; 3) nitrous oxide – from 54,64 to 22,3 mil. tones ัฮ2 or 2,45 times more. In the general balance of greenhouse gas emissions ัฮ2 prevails (about 67-75% of emissions in general). Methane's emissions according to greenhouse gas emissions volumes occupy the second place. In 1990 in Ukraine ัอ4 emissions amounted 7,2 mil. tones. The main emissions source is the energetic sector – 60% (coal mine emissions are 5% of the whole amount), agriculture (35%) and wastes (4,2%).

1.2. Coal branch contribution

            The coal has more than 95% of the whole fuel margin in Ukraine. Coal resources in Ukraine are 117 billion of tones, including 56,7 billion of tones are explored balance resources which include 39,3 billion of tones of power-generating coal. Balance resources of coal at the working mines make up 8,7 billion of tones where industrial resources make up 6,5 billion of tones including about 3,5 billion of tones (54%) of power-generating coal.
        In accordance with greenhouse gas emission volumes methane emissions occupies the second place. In 1990 there were 7,2 million of tones of CH4. Coal industry accounts for 14%.
        During last years there is a methane emissions decrease at mines in Ukraine (about twice), it happens due to complicated mining geological conditions and due to the fact the production of coal dropped from 155,5 million of tones in 1990 to 79,6 million of tones in 2003.

1.3. The environmental situation in the town of Yenakievo

       Like other towns of Donetsk region, Yenakievo is the town with a high concentration of production and transport, and density of population. It is one of the most environmentally stressed towns in Ukraine. There formed a difficult knot of environmental problems.
        The most important and nagging problem is to safe clean air. In 2005 the plants of the town discharged 66 000 tones of harmful substances into the air, in other words it falls to share 4% of the whole emissions amount in the region. Emissions density works out 155,6 tones on 1 km? , it is 2,5 times more than in the average volume in the region.
        There are 33 factories in the town, the majority of which are mines (11), three of them are closed and two are planned to close.
        The coal plants work from the point of their environmental impact is one of the most difficult fields of the coal industry. The technogeneous environmental burden of the coal-mining process is forms negative changes in the environment.

Table 1.1. The emissions of harmful substances into the air by working mines in Yenakievo for 2000

น	Factory	Total	Hard particles	Gaseous and liquid	Sulphur dioxide	Carbon oxide	Nitrogen dioxide	Organic compounds	Other gaseous and liquid substances
1	m."Karla Marksa"	10389	118,5	10270,8	33,4	252,9	9,0	2,2	9973,2
2	m."Bulavinskaya"	2442,3	328,5	2113,8	92,3	739,2	35,8	–	1246,6
3	m."Olhovatskaya"	2605,8	309,1	2296,6	32,5	259,9	22,1	0,0	1982,2
4	m."Uglegorskaya"	2048,1	217,3	1830,7	35,8	48,9	37,6	0,2	1708,2
5	m."Poltavskaya"	2171,3	158,9	2011,3	107,5	40,6	23,7	0,1	839,5
6	m."Yenakievskaya"	5650,8	182,3	5468,5	310,0	2695,8	43,0	0,2	2419,3
	Total	25307	1314,6	23991,7	611,43	4037,5	171,2	2,7	18168,9

        Summing up the table data 1.1 we have come to the conclusion, that the whole amount of the harmful substances from coal mines works out 73605,44 t/year, major portion of which are gaseous compounds and carbon oxide.

1.4. The characteristics of the mine "Poltavskaya" as the source of greenhouse gas emissions and other air harmful substances 

       The major greenhouse gases of the mine "Poltavskaya" are as following CO2, CO, NOx and CH4 (Table 1.3) 

Table 1.3 Main air pollutants of the mine "Poltavskaya" (for 2006)

Main sources	Determinated elements, tones/year							Total
	CO2	Cฮ	Nฮx	SO2	ัH4	Coal dust	Hard particles
Boiler	8958,06	0,6616	4,189	180,73	0,05388	–	7,62	9151,314
Air shaft	–	0,45	0,058	–	1926,8	–	24,56	1951,868
Waste dumps	–	0,0004	–	–	–	32,23	5,852	38,0824
Coal storage	–	–	–	–	–	3,515	0,075	3,59
Total	8958,06	1,112	4,247	180,73	1926,854	35,745	38,107	–

        The mane rate of air pollution is resulted from CO2 – 80% and CH4 – 17,3% other substances less than 1%. To the main sources of those pollutants the following objects belong: boilers – about 80%, air shafts – 17%, waste dumps – 0, 3% and coal storage – 0,03%.

1.4.1 The methane emission dynamics at the mine "Poltavskaya"

       The main air pollution is resulted from the coal mining. The released gas methane is discharged with coal dust through diffuser of an air shaft into the air. The discharge of dust-air-gas mixture at the plant is 14 000 m?/min. The concentration of dust in the air-gas mixture is 5,5 mg/m?, methane concentration is 0,1% on 1 tone of the procured coal.
       The coil mining is reduced from year to year, in comparison with 1990 it is reduced sixfold.

Table 1.3 The coal mining and methane emissions at the mine "Poltavskaya"

	1990	1998	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006
The coal, thousand tones	383	215	180	275	215	235	128	67	62
Methane emissions, tones	2570	2110	2035	2220	2129	2190	1985	1935	1926

           Judging upon the table 1.3 we conclude that methane emissions are proportionally changing in accordance with coal mining, correlation coefficient is 0,95.
            The mane rate of air pollution is resulted from CO2 – 8958 tones (it shares 0,003% of greenhouse gas emissions in Ukraine), methane emissions – 2190 tones (0,001%). 

2 The control of emissions to the air by coal mines

            For quantitative assessment of impurity content in atmosphere the concept of concentration is used, it means the quantity of substance contains in the unit of air volume in its normal condition. The air quality is regarded as satisfactory, if the impurity content in the air does not exceed maximum permissible concentration (MPC) – maximum permissible concentration of impurities in the air, which periodically or during the human life do not influence on people or environment.

2.1 The monitoring of atmosphere at the mine "Poltavskaya" 

        For detailed study of harmful substances' discharges into the air the stationary sources of discharges at the mine "Poltavskaya" "Ordzhonikidzeugol" (Yenakievo, Donetsk region) were controlled and observed.
     There are 22 sources of harmful substances' discharges at the mine, both organized and unorganized. Boiler chimneys, places where coal, rock and cement is poured with dust rejection belong to organized sources. The sources without aspiration systems are unorganized sources. These are – waste dumps, coal and wood storages, open assembly and dwelling areas.

2.1.2 The air sample selection method

        The method, that was used to make direct tool measurements of harmful substances concentrations, is taken as one of the accepted and authorized method of identification of the harmful substances quantity in industrial plants emissions [4, 5]. The tests of harmful substances concentration was made on border of sanitary zone on 12 points.

2.1.3 The statistical manipulation of the results of the atmosphere testing

     In accordance with received data the calculations of statistical characteristics were made, then all concentrations of harmful substances were compared with maximum permissible concentration for the atmosphere. There are common harmful substances exceeding MPC in the table.

Table 2.1 The statistical characteristics of the air pollution by the mine "Poltavskaya"

	Na2CO3	CO	Mineral oil	Wood dust	Anthracite dust
MPC, mg/m3	0,04	5	0,05	0,1	0,11
Danger degree	3	4	3	–	–
Minimum	0,012	1,072	0,023	0,167	0,158
Maximum	0,345	5,500	0,082	14,84	0,869
Standard deviation	0,101	1,662	0,022	4,208	0,185

        Summing up the data the following pollutants average concentration of which exceeds MPC were separated foe the mine "Poltavskaya": sodium carbonate – twofold, carbon oxide – 1,1 times more, wooden dust – three times more, anthracite dust – four times more. Other compounds don't exceed MPC.
    Consequently two major sources of air pollution were specified – the mine air shaft, industrial boiler and waste dump.

3. Ecological-economical assessment of factories of the mining industry branch

      The condition of optimal mine working process means the coal production of proper quality and the rational combination of labour inputs with material resources that will secure acceptable profitability.
Coal industry has three specific features:

– High level of manufacturing content of the mining works;
– The mobility of working places at the factory, due to which instead of used areas, the new horizons come into exploitation, that demands big investments;
– Elated rock pressure, increased gas release and the danger of a sudden coal burst.
           Along with those factors there is an ecological peculiarity – the harmful impact of the coal mining on the environment – air, ground, water, subsoil. This peculiarity is controlled by taxes, penalties in cases of exceeding MPC, though they are not effective enough, because they are not based on economical-ecological adequacy.
       It is able to measure ecological factor by means of profitability rate taken in percent which will provide the proper value of industry optimization. The ecological factor is to be included into the value of 1 tone of coal, to provide the optimal working process of the mine.

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Literature:

1. Panov B.S., Shevchenko O.A., Dudik A.M., Dudik S.A., Modern ecological problems of the Donetsk pool // The Geophysical magazine, 2003.– น3.– P. 46-60.
2. Nedodaeva L.L, Maydukov G.L. Methane and other offcuts basic production of Donbass coal mines, as an object of marketing //, Engineering ecology-2007.– น3.– S.27-47
3 Kosakov I.G.,Dokunin O.S. Conceptual bases of ecological safety are in the regions of closing mines// Ugol` Ukraine.–1999.–น2