Ch.Ye. Larionova , Alexander Makeyev
The method of estimation of investment in new branch of industry - ecological or green building - is considered in this article. It requires the wide use of environmentally-friendly materials in construction.
In the conditions of general globalization, the decision of problems of environmental protection from technogenic influence of intensive industry development becomes obvious. Protective and restoring measures on decrease of water and air pollution, lower technogenic loading on the flora and fauna of the Earth have become an important part of modern ecology.
The main source of global pollution is growth of industrial megacities, which developing absorb an environment. In recent years, in industrial and public building under influence of nature protection groups first of all in the industrially-developed and ecologically conscious countries ecological and energy-saving building have been achieving more attention.
In the EU countries, where the term «green building» has been actively used for 10-20 years, there are a great amount of buildings, which are called ecological houses.
Such construction assumes the use of natural materials, which do not conflict with an environment. Such build materials are materials of biogenic origin and they are wood, straw, clay and others.
So, diminishing of heat loss in a building is carried out by using porous materials, and also using walls with transparent thermal isolation, which catch heat and transfer it inside the house. Innovation of building architecture includes the rounded forms, planting trees round a house, which diminishes cold masses penetration, which also leads to reduction of power expense, approximately by 20-30 per cent.
The use of water-saving plumbing system provides reduction of water consumption in several times, so water-supply can be carried out from an individual source and from devices of the second water treatment for technical necessities. The use of waterless toilet practically annuls the amount of everyday wastes and energy needs, which do not have in their structure mobile parts, gives additional sources for the receipt of biological fertilizers or raw material for the additional biogeneration of energy.
The prospects of ecological building development in our time are unlimited. The wave of ecological quarters construction has significantly changed the people’s mind, which is proved by eco-settlements where people live not harming the environment, from the USA to Bangladesh. According to information of Eco-settlements conference, which took place in Japan in 2006, at present there are about 20 thousand of such settlements all around the world.
«Wilkinson Eyre Architects» company projected the first tower for the city of Brighton Pier. Planning, which directly concerns the dock of the English city, has been taken by the city municipality of Brighton. The new scheme replaces the previous draft that was presented in 2005. Today the project includes bent 40-storey towers, which are public galleries and the hanging bridge, 853 flats and 28 000 square feet of commercial space, various places for recreation and transport systems.
The company «Wilkinson Eyre Architects» uses easily restored energy, which can be obtained from the sun, wind and water. In addition, the project uses the same heating and electricity systems, as well as the latest environmental technologies, which allows to reduce the level of water consumption by 25% and carbon dioxide by 40% in new buildings.
This project will be one of the most ecological in the county Brighton. It reaches 100% according to the scale of ecological building in Great Britain. Regarding the project cost in monetary terms, it costs 330 million euros.
In the construction of this project natural ventilation, solar collectors and photovoltaic panels (solar panels), efficient insulation and biogas system of combined production of electric and thermal energy are used. Another technological feature is various targeting residential and non-residential premises: the working premises face the north, during winter they use heat generated by office equipment and are not under the influence of solar radiation in summer. Consequently, for adequate cooling of these premises only natural ventilation is enough.
Another example of eco-construction is a new building in Kronberg (Germany), which also can be environmentally safe because it provides a number of energy-saving technologies: dual layer external fencing glass structures, combined ventilation, warming and cooling through the radiating panels, adjustable by sunscreen devices (driven blinds). All the elements depend on the systems of engineering building, which, depending on the required parameters for the microclimate of a room, provides minimum energy consumption. Thus, users have all the possibilities for manual adjustment of opening windows and sun control devices. Opening of panels is done according to the signal of sensors of carbon dioxide level in the air, and gathering of the air outside is done by air-collectors that are organized along the perimeter of the building at zero level. Air-collectors are connected to ducts that are deepened into the ground about three meters. That is why the system works as a soil heat exchanger, which provides preliminary heating of air in winter and cooling in summer.
The construction has air-conditioning system as well. It is air-conditioning with a refrigerator with air cooling on the roof and stations of air-preparation. Air channels are laid under floor. There is a heat exchanger that provides heat utilization of the air which is being output. Conditioning system turns on, if necessary.
To cool the cooling ceiling is used, which are fed with water, cooled to 19° C. Cooling by rays can successfully compensate sufficiently high temperature in the room. In each case, the temperature does not rise above 28° C. In winter ray panels, which are on the ceiling, are transferred into the warming mode. As a source of heat the centralized heating system is used, if necessary.
Clay is a dominant building material for eco-houses in Poland. Its use in composition of the different building materials enlarges their ecological value, because clay has a good silence and heat-conducting characteristic.
The program "Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design" - LEED (advanced development in energy supply and environment) is aimed at long-term energy efficiency, low consumption of natural resources and the harmonious combination of city living with the environment. It is targeted at those who plan or look for new housing.
Although trends in eco-construction do not yet have a mass character in Ukraine, step by step they are implemented in our everyday life. Leading design companies in their new development of building residential complexes use environmentally friendly building materials, i.e. not traditional - asbestos, toxic types of plastic, some grades of concrete. Construction is carried out outside the city boundaries. Natural ponds, forests, lack of industrial enterprises are all necessary components of innovative technologies in modern and future eco-construction in Ukraine.
An ecological accent in the civil engineering is a harmonic coexistence of man and nature. Today this type of buildings is not very common and needs big investments, but in the nearest future ecological tendencies will be everywhere.
For compared economic value calculations of ecological projects that are expensive projects [4] comparison of the discounted operational expenses cash flow is offered. This is not the size of NPV in its classic kind, because cash flows have the same direction, as investments. In the case of projects expenses comparison the formula of conditional investment (EI) efficiency in the expense project of ecological building will look as follows:
where: I0 - initial efficiency, monetary units;
It - the size of stage-by-stage running expenses on maintenance of house,
discounted on project beginning, monetary units;
ICFt - the size of additional cash flows, which can appear, for example from the energy surpluses sale which is generated own helio- or air generator, monetary units;
r - rate of discount, %;
t - years of project realization (time of house exploitation).
The charts are built on assumption, that the cost of ecological building is 30% more than that of an ordinary building. However, operational expenses on ordinary house maintenance are twice bigger than ecological, and have a tendency to the annual increase due to inflation. Supposition about the possibility of sale of 30-50% surpluses from its own energy generating devices decreases the running expenses of ecological structure even more.
Figure 1 - The charts are built on assumption
Graphs in Picture 2 are built according to recommendations[4], outcoming cash-flow is directed downward y-axes.
Figure 2 - The charts are built according to recommendations
From the charts we can see, that the total discounted charges on building and exploitation of ordinary and ecological houses will become equal during 25 years, that allows to assert the expedience of large initial investments in ecological building.
Literature
1. http://www.architecture.com.ua
2. Журнал «Кореспондент», березень, 2007р.
4. Ковалев В.В., Введение в финансовый менеджмент, – М., «Финансы и статистика» 1999г., 768 с.
© Ларионова К.Е. 2009