RUS | UKR || DonNTU | Master's
portal of DonNTU
Chuganskyi Daniil Borisovich
Faculty:
Mountain - geological
Speciality:
Land management and cadastre
Theme of
master’s work:
Economical stimulation of rational land use and protection of the earths
Scientific adviser: Krenida Yurii
Fedorovich
Summary
of research and developments
Introduction
The constitution of
Provision of economic incentives of rational use and protection of the
earths is directed on increase of interest of land owners, land users and
tenants in preservation and reproduction of fertility soils, protection of the earths against
negative consequences of industrial activity and according to the Ground code
of Ukraine includes: granting of tax and credit privileges to citizens and the
legal bodies who are carrying out for own means of a measure, provided by
nation-wide and regional programs of use and protection of the earths,
assignment of the state or local budget to citizens and legal bodies for
restoration of the previous condition of the earths broken not on their fault,
clearing of a payment for the ground areas which are in a stage of agricultural
development or improvements of their condition according to the state and
regional programs, indemnification from budgetary funds of decrease in the
income of owners of land and land users owing to time preservation of the
degraded and unproductive earths which have become by those not on their fault.
Urgency
The primary goal of the enterprises of
Improvement of stimulation of efficiency of use of farmlands should lead
to increase of productivity and to increase of fertility of the earths that
will increase manufacture of agricultural production, a foodstuff, their offers
in the market, and, hence, will lead to reduction of prices.
As the earth Ukrane is the basic geopolitical resource of the country,
increase of productivity of farmlands will lead to increase the place of the
country in the agricultural world market.
Thereupon considered works
is represented actual and expedient now.
The purpose of researches
The work purpose is working out
offers on perfection of measures on stimulation of an effective use of farmlands in
Idea of researches
Revealing of dependences of productivity agricultural crops and increase
of fertility of the earths from measures on stimulation of an effective use of
farmlands in the developed agricultural countries and on this basis of
achievement of an object in view of researches.
Scientific research problems
1.
Revealing conditions of agriculture
raising productivity in
2.
Studying of the legislation of
3.
Revealing of dependences of
productivity from measures on stimulation of manufacture agricultural crops and fertility
increase in the developed agricultural countries.
4.
Comparison of measures on stimulation
of manufacture agricultural crops
in the developed agricultural countries with similar measures in
5.
Working out of offers on perfection
of measures on stimulation of an effective use of farmlands in
Sections
1. The general condition of
farmlands and an agriculture condition on Globe
1.1. The areas of the seas and land. The areas of the grounds. Their
change in time (reduction or increase).
1.2 Conditions of agriculture
Climatic – (deposits, temperatures, winds, cyclones) with the
analysis of ability to increase or deterioration of productivity and to
fertility.
Forecasts on climate warming in what it can result.
1.3. The earth population on continents, the countries.
Where grows, where decreases. As it corresponds with efficiency of
farmlands.
Conclusion 1.
About necessity of stimulation.
2. Agriculture conditions in
2.1. Ash value of
Quantity of grounds.
Change in time.
2.2. Environmental conditions.
2.3 Population. Decrease – the reasons.
Conclusion 2.
About necessity of perfection of stimulation.
3. Productivity of
agricultural crops
3.1 Productivity of agricultural crops in the developed countries.
3.2. Productivity of agricultural crops in
Conclusion 3.
About a stimulation direction (expansion of the areas – an extensive way;
productivity and fertility increase an intensive way).
4. Measures on stimulation of
an effective utilisation of farmlands in the developed agricultural countries
4.1. The
Revealing of advantages which can be used in
4.2
Revealing of lacks which can be eliminated adopting experience of other
countries. Revealing of specific Ukrainian lacks on which it is possible to
offer the measures.
1. The general condition of farmlands and an
agriculture condition on Globe
1.1. The areas of the seas and land.
The area of a surface of a planet is equal to 510.073 million km ²,
a land from them - 148.94 million km2, and 361.132 million water - km ².
In a percentage parity of 70.8 % of a planet it is covered by water and 29.2
the land occupies. In table 1.1 the area of continents and a share in them of a
land is specified.
Table 1.1 - Area of continents
|
Continent
/ the Part of the world |
The
area (km ²) |
A
land Share |
The
Population |
A
population Share |
Population
density |
|
Afro-Eurasia |
84 360 000 |
57 % |
5 710 000 000 |
85 % |
56.4 |
|
|
53 990 000 |
36 % |
4 510 000 000 |
71 % |
83.5 |
|
|
43 810 000 |
29 % |
3 800 000 000 |
60 % |
86.7 |
|
|
30 370 000 |
20 % |
922 011 000 |
14 % |
29.3 |
|
America |
42 330 000 |
28 % |
890 000 000 |
14 % |
20.9 |
|
The North America |
24 490 000 |
16 % |
515 000 000 |
8 % |
21.0 |
|
The South Americaа |
17 840 000 |
12 % |
371 000 000 |
6 % |
20.8 |
|
Antarctica |
13 720 000 |
9 % |
1 000 |
0.00002 % |
0.00007 |
|
Europe |
10 180 000 |
7 % |
710 000 000 |
11 % |
69.7 |
|
Ocenia |
8 500 000 |
6 % |
30 000 000 |
0.5 % |
3.5 |
|
Australia |
7 600 000 |
5 % |
21 000 000 |
0.3 % |
2.8 |
The total area of world ground fund (the area of a land minus ice
deserts of Arctic regions and Antarctic) makes 134 million km ². In structure
of world ground fund of 11 % it is necessary on the processed earths (arable
lands, gardens, vineyards); 23 % – on meadows and pastures; 30 % –
on woods; 3 % – on anthropogenous landscapes (settlements, industrial
zones, transport lines); 33 % – on the unproductive earths (deserts, bogs
and extreme territories with low temperature or in mountains). Agricultural
grounds, i.e. the earths used for manufacture of a foodstuff, include arable
lands, long-term plantings (gardens, plantations), natural meadows and
pastures. Now the total area of agricultural grounds makes 48,1 million km
² (4810 million in hectare), including arable lands (the processed earths)
– 1340 million in hectare, a meadow and a pasture – 3365 million in
hectare. The greatest sizes of an arable land allocate with the
In the world deterioration, or degradation of the earths is marked. So.
Owing to erosion 6-7 million in hectare, and bogging is annually deduced from
an agricultural turn and salt deduce from land tenure of 1,5 million more
hectare. Serious threat to ground fund in 60 countries of the world is
represented by desertification before the cultivated earths which has captured
territory in 9 million km ². Degradation of farmlands is caused also by
their transformation into anthropogenous landscapes. So, in the former
Now all suitable earth all or nearly so for processing is practically used.
Plowing up the new, less convenient areas can lead to rise in price of
agricultural production and to negative consequences for environment as it has
already occurred in a zone of astable agriculture, for example in a number of
the countries of Africa. Though the agricultural areas still increase, there is
it the slowed down rates, and growth of arable lands considerably lags behind
expansion of agricultural grounds. According to the data of the Food and
agricultural organisation of the United Nations (Fao), a share of farmlands for
last 30 years the arable land share - with 10,41 to 11,03 %, that is on percent
shares has increased with 33,13 to 35,71 % of all land, and. The area of the
processed earths for 1961-1990 has increased from 1,3 billion in hectare to 1,4
billion in hectare. There was practically a stabilisation of the area of arable
lands.
It is possible to draw a conclusion that the earths suitable for
agriculture on the plan to become ever less and its area is especially limited.
1.2. Influence of a climate on agriculture
The basic negative factor of influence of a climate on a planet is
global warming. One of the most evident processes connected with global warming
is thawing of glaciers.
For the last a floor of a century the temperature in the southwest of
Antarctic, on
Acceleration of process of degradation of a permafrost is noted. From
the beginning of 1970th years the temperature of many ears cold lands in
Western Siberia has raised on
Thawing of glaciers involves lifting of level of the World ocean, and
consequently reductions of the area of a land. With 1990 for 2005 level of the
World ocean has increased approximately on 4 see And by 2050 lifting on
30—50 sm that will lead to partial or full flooding of many coastal
territories, especially in Asia is predicted.
The change of global structure of atmospheric circulation connected with
global warming, i.e. ways of moving of cyclones and anticyclones, will lead as
a whole on globe to increase in the areas of the continents subject to
droughts, five times. Now 2 % of all land are subject to a strong drought, and
by 2050 it will amaze 10 % of territory. Besides, changes of quantity of
dropping out deposits will concern not only their territorial distribution, but
also distribution on seasons of year. The changed thermal and water mode will demand
essential reorganisation of structure of an agricultural production, a sowing
material, conditions of pest control, gathering and storage of agricultural
production etc. Climatic
changes will essentially affect working conditions of transport branch. Thus
the most part of losses is almost inevitable, as emission of the gases leading
to global warming, has already occurred. Therefore a priority is working out of
actions for minimisation of these consequences. Such work by request of the
governments is conducted in many countries of the world, but, unfortunately,
our country drops out of this process.
1.3. Population of the earth on continents, the countries and their
agricultural potential
In 2003 population of parts of the world made 6521 (million persons):
Asia — 3981 million foreheads, Europe — 732 million foreheads,
Africa — 960 million foreheads, Northern and Central America — 442
million foreheads, the South America — 378 million foreheads, Australia
and Ocenia — 28 million, the people In the beginning of 2000th years the
world population annually increased approximately by 90.1 million persons. A
population geographic distribution non-uniformly: on 7 % of a land there live
70 % of mankind. 10 countries of the world largest on the population for 2000
are presented in table 1.2, the forecast for
Table 1.2 - Countries of the world Largest on the population for 2000
|
№ |
The
country |
The
Population, foreheads |
|
1 |
China |
1 265 830 000 |
|
2 |
India |
1 014 003 800 |
|
3 |
USA |
281 421 900 |
|
4 |
Indonesia |
206 264 600 |
|
5 |
Brazil |
172 860 400 |
|
6 |
Russia |
146 001 200 |
|
7 |
Pakistan |
141 553 800 |
|
8 |
Bangladesh |
129 194 200 |
|
9 |
Japan |
126 337 800 |
|
10 |
Nigeria |
123
337 800 |
Table 1.3 - Countries of the world Largest on the population on 2030
(forecast)
|
№ |
The
country |
The
Population, foreheads |
|
1 |
India |
1
532 646 365 |
|
2 |
China |
1
461 528 089 |
|
3 |
USA |
363
811 435 |
|
4 |
Indonesia |
288
678 451 |
|
5 |
Pakistan |
244
144 347 |
|
6 |
Brazil |
240
172 633 |
|
7 |
Bangladesh |
219
635 970 |
|
8 |
Nigeria |
211
775 517 |
|
9 |
Ethiopia |
162
490 305 |
|
10 |
Philippines |
138
332 519 |
In table 1.4 15 countries of the world largest on the population for
Table 1.4 - Largest countries of the world on the population for 2008
|
№ |
The country |
The Population, foreheads |
The Gain, % |
|
1 |
China |
1 330 044 544 |
▲ 0,606 |
|
2 |
India |
1 147 995 904 |
▲ 1,606 |
|
3 |
THE USA |
303 824 646 |
▲ 0,894 |
|
4 |
Indonesia |
237 512 357 |
▲ 1,213 |
|
5 |
Brazil |
196 342 592 |
▲ 1,008 |
|
6 |
Pakistan |
172 800 042 |
▲ 1,828 |
|
7 |
Bangladesh |
153 546 896 |
▲ 2,056 |
|
8 |
Nigeria |
146 255 312 |
▲ 2,379 |
|
9 |
Russia |
141
927 900 |
▼-0,055 |
|
10 |
Japan |
127 288 419 |
▼-0,088 |
|
11 |
Mexico |
109 955 400 |
▲ 1,153 |
|
12 |
Philippines |
96 077 287 |
▲ 1,764 |
|
13 |
Vietnam |
86 116 560 |
▲ 1,004 |
|
14 |
Germany |
82 369 548 |
▼-0,033 |
|
15 |
Egypt |
81 713 520 |
▲ 1,721 |
Let's consider productivity of agriculture of 5 greatest countries.
Grain is not the basic product of agriculture of
In the
In
In agriculture 30 % of economically active population (more than 20
million persons) are occupied. Some of agricultural crops of
Сonclusion
From the aforesaid it is possible to draw a conclusion that the majority
most populations the countries do not make enough grain and leguminous for
consumption in the country and are importers. At present the countries of
The used literature
1. «The
constitution of
2. The
electronic encyclopaedia «Википедия»,
- http://www.ru.wikipedia.org
3. Site of
economic faculty of University of Т.G. Shevchenko - http://www.books.efaculty.kiev.ua/mek/2/g4/6.html
4. «Казах зерно»-
news and analytics of grain crops. - http://kazakh-zerno.kz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4656
5. Electronic
article «Agriculture of India» - http://www.kost-lks.narod.ru/factors/economy/agriculture.htm
6. Electronic
article «Estimation of potential of agriculture of the
7. Online the
encyclopaedia «Кругосвет»
- http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/strany_mira/INDONEZIYA.html
8. Electronic
article «Soil of Ukraine» - http://www.photoukraine.com/russian/articles?id=32