INTRODUCTION

Rationing is the basis of labour in the enterprise, institution or organization. The essence of the valuation work is the definition of objectively necessary working time in the design of rational work processes and the establishment of innovative, science-based standards of work, or design and practical implementation of complex measures to improve the overall performance of the work [5]. Grounded is the assertion of the P. Boginj and A. Grishnovoy: normalization of work - a kind of enterprise management in order to establish optimal relations between costs and results of labour, as well as between the number of workers of different groups and the number of pieces of equipment [3], V. Prokopenko indicates that the valuation of labour is usually called the establishment of standard time to perform the work or the size of production, in tonnes, cubic meters, pieces per unit time [8]; valuation work includes the definition of necessary labour costs (time) for execution of work (manufacturing output) and individual workers and teams (brigades), note G. Chanysheva, N. Bolotin and others [10], but according to A. Rumyantsev, rationing - is to establish standard cost of labor in the form of standard time to perform certain operations (work) or form of output rates, providing a certain amount of manufacturing of products per unit time (day, hour) [11]. By definition, S. Novozhilov, rationing - one of the main ways to assess the various options for organizing work and selecting one of the most rational that lets you work more effectively [7] in terms of J. Lyasnikova, P. Petrochenko and G. Holodnoj rationing - is establishing measures of labour costs to perform a specific job (operation and its elements) in the most efficient organizational and technical conditions of production [11], but according to M. Porubova, rationing - that define the measure of labour, establishing a common set of indicators that provide insight about quantitative and qualitative aspects of labour [13]. In summary, we note that the normalization of work - this is an inherent component of the organization wages, it is based on the provisions of central and local legislation in order to accurately determine the extent of a worker and, therefore, to establish a science-based, optimal and equitable (in terms of not only legal, but the existing socio-economic factors [4]) remuneration for work.

THEME’S ACTUALITY

Socio-economic changes that characterize the current state and development trends of Ukrainian enterprises require activation of all the reserves efficient utilization of labour and productive capacity, which is impossible without the successful solution of problems in the valuation of labour, especially the improvements in modern enterprises.

Rationing of Labour is an essential function of management. In domestic practice, valuation is generally regarded as one of the components of pay, since it provides the ability to set reasonable standards of consumption, contributing to the identification and use of reserves growth in labour productivity, reduce cost and complexity of manufacturing production, stimulates the training of the employees.

Therefore, the theme of my master’s work relevant today. We must not forget the basics of valuation work, but to improve them according to the progressive changes that occur in businesses and the economy as a whole.

COMMUNICATION OF WORK WITH SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMS, PLANS, THEMES

Qualification master’s work was carried out during 2009-2010 years according to scientific directions of the chair «Personnel Management and Labour Economics» of Donetsk National Technical University.

PURPOSE AND RESEARCH TASKS

The purpose of my master's thesis is the explanation of concepts such as rationing of labour, to reveal its meaning, principles, basic methods and directions of improvement, to analyze the valuation of labour at the enterprise level, using national and international experience. To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve the following main tasks:

1. solve the following main tasks;
2. determine the overall response rate setting process;
3. analyze the basic principles and methods of work measurement in enterprises in the economy at this stage;
4. analyze the condition of normalization of labour in the company, to review the rules and evaluate their quality;
5. reveal the basic problems and ways to improve the organization of work measurement at Ukrainian enterprises to incorporate best practices of foreign countries.

Object of researches are the normalization of work in the enterprise.

Subject of researchesare the comprehensive set of methods of work measurement in the enterprise, research directions to improve the valuation of labour.

Methods of researches. We used the methods of formal and dialectical logic, qualitative analysis and synthesis, systematic approach, prediction.

THE SCIENTIFIC NOVELTY

The scientific novelty of this work is to compile and process improvement related to improving the effectiveness of the management system of standardizing labour at the plant, as well as the development of theoretical and methodological foundations and justification of recommendations to improve and enhance the effectiveness of the rationing mechanism of labour.

PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE RECEIVED RESULTS

Improving forms and methods of work measurement in enterprises should be taken into account and contribute to solving major problems in the field of work measurement. This will allow the following main tasks for the rationing of labour facing employers and the state as a whole: to determine the optimal mix of government bodies and enterprises in the management rationing of work; ensure the development and restoration of the regulatory framework for labour, improve the quality and scope of existing labour standards; improve the training of qualified specialists in the field of standardization.

REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND DELELOPMENT

The essence of the valuation of labour and its significance

Rationing of Labour is an integral part of production management and is to determine the necessary labor costs for works (manufacturing output) as individual employees and teams of workers and building on this basis of labour standards.

Labour standards are the basis of the planning system of the enterprise and its units, the organization of staff salaries, cost accounting for production, setting targets to improve productivity, determining staffing requirements, management of labour relations at the enterprise.

With the development of market relations and the deepening of the economic independence of enterprises standardizing labour is of great importance as a means to reduce the cost of living labour, lower production costs, increasing productivity. Consequently, regulation of labour is a means of determining both the measure of labour to perform a particular work, and measures of remuneration for work, depending on its quantity and quality [9].

World experience shows that the effective operation of enterprises in a market economy is possible only if a high level of labour rating. The leading countries such as USA, UK, Sweden, Japan, Italy and others, not only did not reduce the requirements for rate setting, but also expand its scope. Widely used methods of trace element analysis and valuation of labour processes.

The purposes of the valuation work in the contemporary economy is the improvement of production and labour, improving its conditions and reduce the cost of output, which, in turn, increase productivity and will promote the expansion of production and the growth of real incomes of workers.

The objectives of work measurement are:

1. establishment of standard time per unit of production;
2. introduction of the most rational usage of equipment and machinery;
3. develop the most rational structure of production;
4. analysis of the implementation of labour standards for the opening reserves of production and productivity;
5. review of labour standards in connection with the change of working conditions and the organizational and technical measures;
6. implementation of an effective organization of labour working in the workplace [2].

Rationing of labour in the factories perform important functions, as is the basis of wages as working time rules simultaneously becoming both the degree of remuneration, having the closest relationship to the tariff system. The establishment of labour standards is intended to ensure a productive society, and the employee a certain level of wages. For the implementation of labour standards, estimated labour activity of each employee and paid for his work.

Science-based labour standards allow us to estimate the results of work of each employee group. The establishment of labour standards for certain types of business processes and operations allows us to calculate and maintain the necessary qualitative and quantitative proportions between jobs, shops, industries, which contributes to the growth of labour productivity.

Rationing of labour in the factories is the foundation of the economic planning of current and future-oriented, the starting point for the accounting of costs and results of production, part of the organization of production and operational management of the enterprise, an effective means of ensuring a balance between the amount of work and remuneration.

These market conditions provide management in practice a high level of valuation work, which becomes a major factor in minimizing costs and increasing output.

Principles of organization of work measurement

In order to perform these tasks in all their multiplicity and interdependence of work measurement is based on certain scientific principles, the observance of which ensures improvement of labour productivity [12]. Their dominance between themselves and the relationship with each other in fig. 1.

1. Correspondence principle;
2. The principle of progressives;
3. The principle of the scientific, organizational and technical feasibility;
4. The principle of unity, equal stress rules;
5. The principle of binding the complexity of rules;
6. The principle of the regulation of work and conditions of performance standards;
7. The principle of optimal choice of normalization of the object;
8. The principle of democratic involvement of workers.

Determining among the bases of valuation work is the first principle - to ensure maximum compliance standards by the socially necessary labour costs. This requirement is because the rules always serve as an essential means of improving productivity in a particular industry. If the rules of labour costs in individual enterprises are much higher for socially necessary, then it makes it unprofitable activities, unprofitable, leads to bankruptcy. If the company introduces more fuel-efficient labour standards, it lowers costs, increases the competitiveness of its products on the market.

Economic essence of the first principle logically continue the second principle of the need for progressive rules, is bring them to the level of labour costs, lower than the socially necessary. This requirement makes the rules of the pacemaker, scientific, technological and organizational progress, resulting in more efficient production.

Efficient and effective rules implementing the requirements of the third principle of the scientific, organizational and technical soundness of the rules is characterized by level of achievements in science, subject to full compliance with standards developed achievable productivity and maximize the use of production reserves. Under the organizational and technical soundness of the rules to understand the completeness of accounting for their development of all production factors affecting productivity. Unreasonable rules impede efficiency of labor. Achieving an effective analysis of production reserves through the use of advanced and fully informed of labor standards linked to the implementation of the fourth principle of the unity of applicable standards, equal to the tension that is produced by their means of identical results in identical organizational and technical conditions. This should ensure the establishment of identical standards of labor costs for the same work performed in the same organizational and technical conditions, regardless of the industry profile of the enterprise. This valuation determines the efficiency of compliance with the fifth principle of compulsory comprehensive coverage of the entire volume of work justified norms, taking into account all available at the plant factors. If there is work, labor is unknown, the control over the amount of work becomes difficult and sometimes impossible.

Rationing should cover the whole range of factors of productivity in the workplace: technical, technological, organizational, economic, social, climatic, psycho physiological. Part-time record of effective factors or cost of labour makes generalized estimates of labour intensity of production in general, unreliable. Moreover, the inaccuracy of complex valuation (is, it may be error) depends on the level of error in the most imperfect standards.

Equally important are the requirements of the sixth principle of strict regulation of work and organizational and technical conditions for their implementation, which takes into account when developing standards. The value of regulation of the work lies in the fact that in a production environment only the most suitable organization gives the most effective results. All redundant elements of the working process lead to excessive labour costs. Therefore, the establishment of standards should precede the introduction of management of works performed by the most appropriate methods.

This completely corrected the principle of respect for the seventh optimal site selection study as a unit of valuation work. Each object of valuation should be a definition of the function and place of work, which would clearly distinguish it from other objects and accurately record the time to perform a specific work operation. Optimal criterion can be: the identification of a clear objective relationship between the external characteristics of the normalized work and its content, features formal record of results and comparison of performance characteristics in different organizational and technical conditions, the stability of domestic content for a long time.

Providing the conditions of economy of labour associated with the implementation of the requirements of the eighth principle of democratic involvement of workers in the development of labour standards. It provides for the initiative of workers working in the development, introduction of progressive standards; revise them, the empowerment of labour collectives in establishing measures of labour based on working conditions and tension in specific workplaces.

Methods of establishing labour standards

An improved method of valuation of labour will provide a higher quality of labour standards, is a high degree of probability that the set value of labour costs is really necessary and sufficient. Values labour standards as defined by the intuitive represent a guess based on previous experience. The amount of labour standards, some statistical method, has its base of mathematical statistics.

The following methods of valuation of work:

Analytical Research method of establishing labour standards based on the study staff time through observation and includes: direct measurement of the variables of time (duration and picture of the working day); photography techniques in observations.

Duration - the method of studying working time repetitive hand and machine-manual operations by elements of their measurement. Used (mostly) in large series and mass production to establish operating standards and inspection standards established by calculation. Object of study is the operation and its elements, and its purpose - to establish basic and auxiliary time or time required to separate employment practices. Timing is a continuous and selective. With a solid object is the timing of it all the elements of operational time, and if necessary - measured in individual elements of operational time or the technical operation [14].

Picture of the working day - this observation, conducted to examine all working time during the shift or part thereof. They can be individual, group, brigade. Purpose photo:

1. Detecting the loss of working time;
2. Establish the causes of losses;
3. Development of measures to eliminate losses;
4. Obtaining data on the number of workers required, as well as to create time standards.

The method of instantaneous observations can determine the value of working time, without resorting to direct measurement. It is used when monitoring a large number of objects. The method is based on the use of the theory of probability, and its essence consists in replacing the continuous time-stamping with direct measurements (conventional photography), taking into account the number of observed points. The data obtained allow determining the proportion and absolute values of time spent on the elements.

Cash-analytical method to establish rules provides for the establishment of labour standards through the application of regulations on labour and formulas. It allows you not to resort to every time-consuming process timing and photo. Labour standards are established prior to implementation in production operations, which significantly reduces the cost to install them [14].

Standards for Labour consist of:

1. Standards processing regimes and performance of equipment;
2. Standards for time-consuming to implement elements of work;
3. Standards of labour costs for servicing the equipment per worker or team;
Obtaining data on the number of workers required, as well as to create time standards

In order to determine the majority of standards used timing and picture day. Thus, the research method is the basis for valuation work.

MPROVEMENT IN THE ENTERPRISE RATE SETTING

The priority actions aimed at improving the valuation of labour, should include the following:

1. Improving the legal framework governing the social and labour relations;
2. Creating a system for creating and restoring inter-industry, industry standards for labour costs, which are components of the subsystems of the financial, organizational, staffing;
3. Improving the organization of work measurement at the enterprise level;
4. Development of automated systems of work measurement;
5. Restore the methodical base development standards for labour;
6. The implementation of training and refresher courses on standards of work;
7. Formation of new ideas about the role of normalization of labour in modern conditions, changing the psychology of directors, for which the valuation of work has traditionally been and remains the only means of calculating the "possible" level of wages.

The effectiveness of the organization of work measurement in the enterprise depends largely on the quality of the plans and organizing their implementation. To assess the level of organization and regulation of labour at the plant should be planned and analyzed the following indicators:

1. Share of workers whose labour is normalized to cross-sectored, sectored and other progressive regulations;
2. Coverage of technology and workflow standards of labour costs;
3. The value of reducing labour costs for production (in percentage to the total volume of labour costs through better regulation, improving the quality standards);
4. The efficiency of utilization of time and capacity utilization plot, shop enterprise;
5. The degree of development of design complexity and design productivity;
6. The share of productivity gains due to excess workload standards (time) in the overall growth in productivity.

In order to systematically improve the organization and regulation of labour in the company need to undertake systematic work and planning for five years and for years following areas: regulatory and research work on the development of standards of labour and reduce labour intensity of production work on the development and maintenance of the production, analysis of existing norms of labour and their view, the study of working time (picture of working hours, timing), research on best practices and dissemination of best forms and methods of work, training and skills development for the organization and standardization of labour.

Further improvement of the valuation of labour at the enterprise level provides:

1. Maximum coverage of labour standards of various types of maintenance work of production and management;
2. The widespread introduction of technically based norms, is development of workload standards, the service time in the light of possibilities of modern technology and production technology, advanced methods of work;
3. Improving not only technical but also economic, and physiological validity of norms. If the feasibility study is to identify the productive capacity of the workplace, and economic - in the selection of appropriate variants of performance, and physiological - in the choice of rational forms of division of labour and cooperation, identification of the correct sequence of workload and rest;
4. Improving the quality of normalization on the basis of scientific - technical advice;
5. The widespread use of methods of direct regulation, which allows to determine the volume of work involved and the valued tasks, establish the optimum loading of workers, greater use of progressive forms of material incentives;
6. The formation of a unified system of rate setting, the basis of which must be rules and regulations covering the full range of technological processes;
7. Creating workstations for setters;
8. Computerization of the design of technological and organizational documents, as well as the rules time-consuming;
9. Raising the qualifying level setters.

Improving the valuation of labour is directly related to the use of automated systems, as the calculation of norms of labour costs is a very time consuming. It is no coincidence that before the application of computers in enterprises are widely used various technical devices developed arrangements to streamline the labour setters, improving their efficiency. After the introduction of computer work on the automation of labour setters escalated. More than two decades, developed an automated system of work measurement as a local nature, and as a component (subsystem)-aided design and standardization processes. The widespread use of personal computers has opened new opportunities for automation of work on standards of work. One form of a PC was the creations of workstation quantity surveyor, ie man-machine system, including PCs and complex problem-oriented methods, algorithms, programs perform calculations of labour standards. Statutory material relevant conditions automate calculations must be submitted in the form of analytical dependences and applications on which you can complete the automated workplace quantity surveyor. And, therefore, regulatory and research agencies at various levels need to change the methodological basis of development and technology forming normative material.

CONCLUSION

The widespread introduction of automation, the use of computer technology in all areas of economic activity substantially affect the organizational and operational structure, allocation of labour reserves, changing the existing organizational and managerial principles. This process also affected the valuation of labour, the reorientation of working in this field. If until recently the efforts of the theorists and practitioners have focused on establishing methods for measuring primary production of the workers, now being developed principles and methods of work measurement auxiliary workers, managers, professionals and civil servants, owing to structural changes.

Direct maintenance activities of workers involved in standardization work at the company, include: investigation and analysis of each element of the job and productive capacity of the working areas and offices; generalization of advanced production experience of organizing production and labour, the introduction of rational methods and techniques of work, designing the composition, regulation and consistency implementation of work processes (operations), based on data analysis; rationale developed options for the implementation of works on technical, economic and psycho-physiological terms of establishing norms of labour (is, determining the normative values of each element of the labour process), verification and refinement of them in a production environment provide a basis to implement these standards.

Based on a consistent investigation of the concrete operation, its structure, methods of carrying out an opportunity to develop specific ways to improve and shorten the time for execution of a working element, and as the result of increased productivity.

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REMARK

At writing of the given abstract a master’s work has not been finished yet. Date of the work’s final end is on December, 1st, 2010. Full text of work and materials on a theme can be received from the author or her supervisor after the named date.