Electrical
energy is the only type of product, which is transported from places of
production to places of consumption, not using other resources. To this
end, spent most of the transmitted power, so its loss is inevitable,
the challenge is in determining their economic levels.
Power
losses in electrical networks — is an indicator of efficiency
of their work, a clear indicator of the state accounting system power,
efficiency, power sales of power supply companies. This indicator shows
the problems that require urgent solutions in development,
reconstruction and technical re-equipment of electrical networks,
improvement of methods and means of their operation and management, to
improve the accuracy of metering of electricity, the efficiency of
collecting money for a customer-supplied electricity, etc.
The growth
of energy losses in electric networks defined action is the objective
laws of development of all energy in general. The main ones are: the
trend towards concentration of production of electricity in large power
plants, the continuous growth of loads of electrical networks
associated with the natural growth of consumer loads and lag the growth
rate of network bandwidth on the rate of growth of electricity
consumption and generating capacity.
In
connection with the development of market relations in the country the
significance of the problem of loss of electricity has increased
substantially. Development of calculation methods, analysis of energy
losses and the choice of cost-based measures to reduce them is more
than 30 years. Due to the complexity of calculating the losses and the
presence of significant errors in the recent emphasis on developing
methods rationing of electricity losses.
Methodology
for determining the standards of losses has not been established yet.
Haven't defined even the principles of valuation. Opinions on the
approach to rationing are in a wide range — from the desire
to have established a solid standard in the form of a percentage loss
to control the "normal" losses by continuously held settlement schemes
networks using appropriate software. On the received norms of
electricity losses are set electricity tariffs. Regulation of tariffs
imposed by NERC of Ukraine. The energy-supplying organization must
justify the level of electricity losses, which they consider
appropriate to include in the tariff and the energy commission - to
analyze these studies and to adopt or revise them.
Analysis
of international experience shows that the growth of electricity losses
in networks — is an objective process for countries with
economies in crisis and reforming power, a sign of a discrepancy
between the purchasing power of consumers and electricity tariffs, the
rate of under-investment in network infrastructure and electricity
metering systems, lack of full-scale automated information systems for
collecting and disseminating data on the productive supply of
electricity, the structure of the flow of electricity at voltage steps,
the balance of power in electrical networks [3].
In
countries where these factors are location, power losses in electrical
networks, tend to be high and tend to increase. Dynamics of the losses
in domestic electrical networks over the past 10-12 years shows that
our country is in this sense is no exception.
Cost of
losses — is part of the cost of transmission and distribution
of electric networks. The greater the loss, the higher these costs and
therefore electricity prices for end consumers. It is known that part
of the loss is a technological power consumption required to overcome
the resistance of the network and delivery to consumers of electricity
generated by power plants. This technologically necessary power
consumption must be paid by the consumer. He, in essence, is the norm
loss.
Losses due
to suboptimal modes of electric networks, electricity metering system
errors, deficiencies in energy sales activities are the direct loss of
power supply organizations and, of course, must fall.
The basis
of normative losses are technical losses of electricity in power grids
due to the physical processes of transmission and distribution,
determined by calculation and including the "variables" and the
quasi-permanent loss, as well as a normative power consumption for its
own needs substations [2].
Figure 1. Structure of losses
Figure 2. Structure of losses
Figure 3.Classification of activities
In any
case, the first stage of developing a comprehensive multi-year program
to reduce energy losses should begin with a detailed analysis of the
full list of events and choose the most effective and acceptable to the
specifics of the organization in question.
The next
thing is the need to define the so-called relative effects of the
implementation of activities. The fact is that when planning events and
calculating the effect of routine forms, the absolute effect in kWh But
as almost any (or at least large) network organization implement
activities to reduce losses in the previous reporting period, when
determining the cumulative effect over the next few years should be
considered and the relative effect, and preferably also for each
structural component of the actual loss of electricity. This can be
done using the formula:
(1)
(3)
The problem
of calculating the losses of electricity excites power already very
long. However, currently available are very few books on the subject,
unnecessarily, little has changed in fundamental device networks. But
it produced quite a number of articles where clarification is made of
old data and proposing new solutions to the problems associated with
the calculation, valuation and reducing power losses.
Article
Vorotnitskogo VE, Zaslonova SV and Kalinkin MA "Program for calculating
technical losses of power and electricity distribution networks in 6
— 10 kV is described in detail a program to calculate the
technical losses of electricity RTP 3.1 Its main advantage is the ease
of use and convenient for analysis to conclude the final results, which
significantly reduces staff time to carry out the calculation.
Article
Vorotnitskogo VE, Zagorski YA.T. and Apryatkina VN "The calculation,
regulation and reduction of electricity losses in urban electric
networks" devoted to improving the existing methods of calculating
energy losses, the valuation losses in the current conditions, as well
as new methods of reducing losses.
One of the recent books published on the subject is the book Zhelezko
YS "Simulation, analysis and valuation of energy losses in electrical
networks." In her most fully represents the structure of energy losses,
methods of analysis of losses and the choice of measures to reduce
them. Substantiated methods of valuation losses. Described in detail
the software that implements the methods of calculating the losses.
In the
article Alexander Mogilenko "Reduction of power losses. Approach to
planning and assessment activities "[1] developed a group of activities
to reduce power losses. Activities are ranked according to the degree
of efficiency and sustainability.
Investigation
of power loss and ways to reduce actively carried out in countries
where they are large. These countries are Ukraine, Russia and
practically all the countries of the former Soviet Union. A large
number of articles on the subject translated and published in the
international electrical engineering journals, published papers for
conferences.
International
studies also reduce to refine the data to find new ways to minimize
losses and improve existing ones.
As part of
the study DonNTU minimize losses are held regularly in the diploma
works of students of the university. Having data on existing networks
or parts of the networks used for calculations of losses and their
analysis. Selected methods to minimize the losses applicable to the
particular enterprise, a specific network, carried out economic
evaluation of interventions and their effectiveness.