Topicality. Mine water adversely affect the environment. With different values of the chemical composition and properties of aggressive, they complicate the development conditions of coal deposits, require the use of more expensive machinery, lining, construction, accelerate wear and cause the need for expensive equipment, etc. Untreated mine water entering the surface water streams and ponds, cause them to changes in the salt treatment, causing adverse environmental violations in the hydrosphere, degrade the habitat of animals and plants. Therefore the problem of assessing the impact of the coal industry in the hydrosphere of large industrial cities is very important.
Relationship with scientific themes, plans. Master's thesis corresponds to the state scientific program "Reigning tsіlova ekologіchna programa holding monіtoringu navkolishnogo natural seredovischa" (decree of the Kabіnetu Mіnіstrіv vіd Ukraine 05.12.2007 №1376).
The purpose of research. The purpose of this study is to assess the quality of groundwater, surface water and mine Makeevka in connection with the work of the coal promvshlennosti.
Research Objectives:
1. Study and review the quality and mineral composition of groundwater and mine water.
2. Assessment of dynamic changes of components of the chemical composition of mine water (example shh.im.Bazhanova) for several years and their outlook on the horizon, which plans to develop the mine in the near future.
3. Assessment of the ecological state of the hydrosphere Makeevka.
4. Development of methods for cleaning and processing of mine water.
The idea of work The study of surface water, groundwater and mine water Makeevka and their impact on the environment will determine the most polluted area studied waters and to develop methods of cleaning and processing.
The object of research. Surface and underground mines and mine water behalf VM Bazhanov.
Subject Research. Chemical composition and signs of aggressive mine water.
Research Methods:
1. An analysis of available geological and environmental reports and production of cartographic material (geological, geomorphological, tectonic, geological and hydrological, physical and geographical maps, charts, plans, sections of the object).
2. Systematization of data on the chemical composition of mine water Donetsk coal mines - Makeevka area.
3. Methods of graphical analysis (graphical charting, histograms, dendrograms).
4. The statistical treatment (regression, correlation analysis).
Scientific noveltyа. The scientific value of the work is to study the chemical composition of groundwater, mining and surface water in the whole of Donetsk coal-mining region, Makeevka, since earlier studies within the study area were only separately for each plant and mine specifically named VM Bazhanov. These studies will help to predict the quality of the water with depth.
The practical significance of work.As a result of the work must be installed sites with the most aggressive water silo, which will negatively affect the environment Makeevka and developed a set of measures that will significantly increase the quality of mine water relief and improve the overall situation of the hydrosphere of the city.
The personal contribution of the author. Have been processed, detailed and systematic data of the chemical composition of groundwater, surface water and mine shafts name VM Bazhanov
There were constructed a graphics of underground mine water’s quality as a function of depth.
Constructed three-dimensional model prediction of mine water quality with depth.
Testing results. The author participated in the IV All-Ukrainian scientific-practical conference of students and young researchers on "Assessing the impact of mine water in the hydrosphere Makeevka" and the twenty-first International Conference and students with the report "Assessment of the quality of the mine water (example of mine named . V. Bazhanov). "
Publications. Abstracts on "Assessing the degree of influence of mine water to the hydrosphere Makeevka" published in the article "Geographic education and national identity: actual problems of their formation," Donetsk: DISO — 2011 — p. 232.
Abstracts on "Assessing the quality of the mine water (example of mine named. V. Bazhanov)" published in the report "Protecting the environment and natural resources," Volume 1, Donetsk, Ukraine — 2011 — p. 221.
Problem of influence of mine drainage on the environment has appeared since the beginning of the coal industry. The writings of Arkhipova N., Elchaninova E., Gorbachev L.considered the development of coal mining and its impact on the environment, including waterways [1].
The problem of predicting the chemical composition of mine water has become urgent and began to study with the 80-ies of XX century. The study of the problem involved Maklyak V., Kalygin P., Blinov P., Yakovlev E. Their work provides information about groundwater, causes of their depletion and pollution, as well as responses to the last. Highlighted the potential disposal of industrial wastes and conditions. Methods for predicting the chemical composition of mine water discharges [2].
Mine water is a great variety of chemical composition and properties, and therefore require a detailed study of their composition. Article Kononenko N., Oshchepkova A., Nemkovsky B. was carried out study some features of the chemical composition of mine. The study reached the following conclusions: the content of rare and trace elements are usually much lower clarke, is basically their dispersal.
Candidate of Geological Sciences, Shevchenko O. in his "Ecological and hydrogeochemical zoning of the Donetsk region" to study the environmental condition of the underground hydrosphere of the region conducted a comprehensive study of groundwater hydrogeochemical Donetsk region, which included environmental health and hydrogeochemical hydrogeochemical zoning. She identified the following types of water: 1) lightly soiled water, and 2) Contaminated water, and 3) Heavily contaminated water.
Agruts D. in his research paper "Statistical evaluation of the environmental situation of Donetsk region," revealed that one of the biggest environmental problems of Donetsk region - a shortage of drinking water and the degree of pollution of natural water sources.
Dangerous levels of pollution of water sources, Donets region is associated with large volumes of wastewater. Each year, the volume of wastewater in the Donetsk region is about 2 billion cubic meters. m, and for the coal industry accounts for more than 50% of all waste. Mine waters are high in suspended solids (up to 0.1 g / l), high salinity (salt content up to 3 g / l accounts for 70% of all mines, from 3 to 7 g / liter in 26% of all mines), from for what in ponds and rivers annually dumped more than 3 million tons of minerals and substances [3].
In the article "Analysis of the impact of SE "mine them. Gorkogo" the environment" Chudnovets V., V. Artamonov considered analysis of the negative impact of SOEs' mine them. Maxim Gorky "on the environment.
Proskurnya Y. and Tarasova E. in his paper "The chemical composition of mine waters Donets-Donbas region Makeyevka and new methods of forecasting," argue that the mine water has on the environment is very negative impact. The interaction of mines destroyed with debris, minerals, and others on the path of the header to reach the mine water to high salinity. They accumulate heavy metals are often toxic elements, bacteria, suspended solids and many other things that change the qualitative indicators of the environment [4].
The literature review showed that the investigated problem remains poorly understood, which gives the author an opportunity for further studies on the Donets-Makeyevka coal-bearing area.
Subsurface resources of mining lease mines stacked rocks im.Bazhanova upper and middle parts of the Carboniferous. Carboniferous rocks are exposed in the form of vysypok grivok and most enduring rock - limestone and sandstone for individual gullies and valleys girders.
Almost everywhere overlie Quaternary sediments. They are within the mining lease area are red-brown, brown and mottled sandy clay laminated turning into its upper part in the heavy light-brown loess-like loams. In the upper section of Quaternary sediments pass into the black earth.
Paleogene deposits are found relics of the watersheds are marked by single wells. Paleogene sediments are quartz sand, light gray, yellowish-gray to ocher color capacity of 5-10 m.
Sandstones are mostly small and medium varieties, less coarse. Their color is usually light gray to dark gray, in the weathering zone of yellow-gray.
Divided by clastic limestone, silt, clay, crystal, they are usually not uniform from the roof to the ground. The comparative rarity and exceptional consistency make them the main limestone horizons governing when comparing sections hard coal strata.
Coals deposited layers and layers of different capacities. Major coal beds are maintained well enough for the big stretch, but their power varies. In most cases, the coal seams occur among slates, sandstones under less and less often under the limestone.
In addition to the above lithological differences in coal deposits are found shale carbonaceous. However, independent of their distribution is limited [5]. Thus, the thickness of the carbon deposits is characterized by alternating in the vertical section of its constituent layers of different capacity of sand and shale, sandstone, coal and limestone. Alternating layers, tend to occur in certain patterns, reflecting the pattern of formation of the coal-bearing strata.
The field of mine named. Bazhanova and the standby unit is structurally located in the north-eastern part of the south wing Kalmius Toretskoy-basin. Sublatitudinal Carboniferous complicated at the boundaries of a mine field and multiplicative structures Chaykinskoy Burozovskoy flexures. In the west and north-west area bounded estimated Chaykinskoy fleksurnoy fold in the east, south-east - Burozovskoy flexures. Carboniferous rocks dip angles mostly flat 3-15°, and only in areas fleksurnkh kinks they reach 25-70°.
Air pollution
Extraction of coal by the Shah to them. V. Bazhanov conducted since 1957.
The average bed thickness 1,5 — 1,65 m. Classification of rocks close to the roof are unstable and stable soil mining areas are equipped with highly mechanized systems.
Currently, clean-up activities are conducted in the slope of Zero 2nd stage stratum of M3. Lava bias field are processed in a combined system for conveyor design and ventilation drifts. The number of simultaneous lava — three.
Mine is ventilated by two ventilation systems located on the skip shaft number 1 and number 5 the ventilation shaft.
Atmospheric air passing through aquifers, saturated with coal dust, methane and through diffusers ventstvolov released into the atmosphere without treatment.
Regulatory discharges of pollutants into the atmosphere is defined project MPE (maximum permissible emission) for the mine [6].
Control MPE performed laboratory management for fire and reclamation of waste heaps SE "Makeevugol."
Actual emissions for the mine are within the established norms of VAT.
Soil pollution
For the extraction of coal at an t have 0,25 — 0,35 m "barren rock". It is warehoused in the dumps, 75% of which have a conical shape and are called heaps.
As a result of changes in air temperature, water and wind effect is the physical and chemical (as sulfate type) moldboard weathered rock. Duration of chemical weathering in the most dependent on the total sulfur content (including pyrite).
Along with the processes of chemical weathering heaps installed and biochemical leaching of pyrite in waste heaps. Thus, in the mine waters revealed the presence of rod-like bacteria that moisture from penetrating into the rocks by microfractures and micropores in the interlayers and lenses of pyrite and initiate oxidative leaching with the release of elemental sulfur, sulfuric acid and iron compounds. Biological processes of pyrite leaching from rocks and heaps heaps are exothermic.
To analyze the effect on the heaps of soil, surface water and groundwater sampling was conducted by drilling the first aquifer with water sampling for chemical analysis of the full, the definition of hazardous substances, Micro Component composition. Assessment of quality of groundwater and surface water was conducted in accordance with the requirements of GOST 2874-82.
Pollution of the hydrosphere
In the production of mining and coal aquifers are opened resulting in a need for the organization of drainage systems in order to pump mine water to the surface and their purification before discharge into surface waters [7].
Mine dewatering system includes: pumping mine water to the surface, horizontal three-section horizontal sump, liquid chlorine disinfection in the chlorination and then doosvetlenie in three ponds then discharge through the ravine into a river dry Kalinovskaya and river Gruzkaya.
Приток The influx of water from reservoirs bremsbergovogo fields H and H is accumulated in the concrete tanks, "Blue Lake" horizon of 195 meters, settles, and then some of this water falls on the technological needs of the second stage, a portion is given to the surface and used for industrial and domestic needs (bath, laundry, watering lawns, etc.) [8]. To use the mine water at the mine needs hozbytovye on the surface was built pump and chlorination to disinfect the water.
The main dewatering installation located on the horizon 195 m and 1012 m on the horizon intermediate dewatering installation located pas horizons 260 m, 317 m, 505 m. Drainage installation include water collectors and pumping stations. In the header by the accumulation of water and the primary defense of mine waters.
Horizontal surface three-piece sump: section length 19 m width of each section of 6 m, the volume of 1100 m³ tank.
Pond number 1 volume 54 000 m³, the area of 17880 m².
Pond number 2 volume 79 000 m³, the area of 15520 m².
Pond number 3 volume 20 200 m³, the area of 14200 m².
Sewage treatment plants are mine, mechanical treatment of mine water discharged from the suspended solids. The resulting sediment sludge silo tanks after cleaning sewage treatment plants is transported pas coal storage [9].
Predicting the chemical composition of mine water is carried out at certain periods of development and exploitation of deposits, and is produced by different methods: the method of hydro analogy, probabilistic graphical-analytical method and peer review. Currently, forecasting subject: the value of total mineralization, cation content of potassium and sodium, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate anions, sulfate, chloride, and other components and properties of mine water that may have an adverse impact on the working conditions of miners, the safety of the environment, equipment etc.
In this paper, the author used data from the general water chemistry, spectral and chromatographic analysis of the mine and surface waters in terms of: the cations calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride anions, hydrogen ions, sulfate ions, organic compounds, the chemical elements in different depths. The total number of samples: 162 from wells and 108 surface samples. Samples were collected during the detailed exploration of mine fields in the work were also used quarterly water samples, which were selected environmental engineer service the mine and processed sanitation laboratory.
The objective of our research is to formulate a predictive model of the chemical composition of mine water mine them. VM Bazhanov with depth, based on the data of chemical analysis of mine water mines of Donetsk-Makeevka area. On this, the author of the study was selected from a probabilistic method for assessing the heterogeneity of the data on the chemical composition of the mines of Donetsk-Makeevka area.
Predicting the chemical composition of mine water by this method is performed in several stages:
1. Investigating the conditions for the formation of the chemical composition and the corrosive properties of mine water nearby mines coal-bearing area.
2. Produced qualitative and quantitative comparative evaluation of the factors listed above in the fields of mines in the area and reconnoitered the site.
3. Calculated values of the generalized parameters and other baseline data.
4. Counting of the contents of the projected components in mine waters.
5. Evaluated aggressive properties of mine water on the budgeted content of the components.
In processing the data were used programs such as Microsoft Office Excel and SPSS.
A probabilistic method for predicting the chemical composition and properties of the mine water is based on finding the correlation between the amounts of chemical constituents of mine water, on the one hand, and the depth of development, an area of excavation, the duration of the enterprise, etc. — on the other.
To establish and examine the trend changes in the values of studied parameters with the depth of mining coal seams have been designed and constructed based graphics performance of the chemical composition of groundwater, mining and surface waters with depth.
In the resulting graphs can be traced discontinuous behavior of the concentration indices, as well as a significant increase in the values of Ca and SO4 reduction and Cl, HCO3, K + Na and mineralization.