Zaika Tatyana Ivanovna

Magnitude of the problems associated with lack of fresh water today are obvious. According to UNESCO suffers from lack of water every third inhabitant of the planet.

Ukraine is a country with an inadequate water supply, especially in its southeastern region.

In addition to p. Dnepr, a source of source of water in Ukraine is the stock of small rivers in the basins which formed about 60% of the country's water resources. Small rivers provide the water industry, public utilities and agriculture. To promote social development of individual regions.

Human-induced factors of water regime and water chemistry, and, in general, hydrographic river network changes.
The worst ecological state of water resources is observed in the Seversky Donets Basin and the rivers Azov. Their recovery - one of the priorities of state policy in the protection and renewal of water resources.

A particular problem for small rivers of Ukraine are:

• A significant deterioration in water quality due to discharge them untreated or inadequately treated sewage;
• Poor economic management by using natural resources in catchments of small rivers;
• Lack of treatment facilities;
• Excessive regulation of runoff.

One of the most difficult problem is the use and protection of water resources in the Donbass - industrially developed region of Ukraine. The situation with heavy discharge of polluted water into water bodies was formed here in the process of formation and development of the industry over the past years.

Large-scale source of water pollution in the regions are mine waters of the coal enterprises.

As is known, the distinctive characteristics of mining technology of buildings is not only the consumption of water for industrial processes, but also the issue on the ground of substantial quantities of mine and quarry waters. They are formed by groundwater and surface water that seep into underground mine workings. Due to strong water encroachment aquifers mines pumped out every day about 900 million of groundwater, of which the technical needs of uses 13-15% and the remaining mass is discharged into ponds - lagoons, ponds on the river (destabilizing the natural equilibrium of the latter). Mine water inflow is about 2 / 3 of the total water intake, walking to the needs of the coal industry. Granted on the surface of the mine water contaminated with fine carbon - a mixture of pedigree (suspended solids) in minerals, including heavy metals (lead, cobalt, mercury, etc.), bacterial impurities, nature, etc.
The content of suspended solids (RDT) in pumped to the surface mine waters reached 700mg / l, which 7raz above normative values established by order of the Ministry of Coal Industry.

From the standpoint of theoretical ideas about the rational use and conservation of mineral resources, as well as the conceptual foundation of Kimry (integrated use of mineral resources) discharge of inadequately treated mine water into surface water bodies indicates a lack of resources in the region, what are the mine water - incidentally products of mining.

Due to the growing importance of the environmental dimension in the process of restructuring the coal industry is growing and the importance of a correct decision, not only technological, but also environmental solutions. Analysis of the current global economic development trends shows that the approach to the selection of such decisions should be based currently on the use of criteria and principles of sustainable ecological and economic development (the Global Programme of Action - The agenda for the 21 st Century ", adopted at the UN Conference on Environment and development 2 in 1992, Rio - de - Janeiro), the law laid down in Ukraine. This new ideology of nature requires a change of priorities in solving environmental and economic objectives, consistent cleaner production and the economy as a whole. Specifically, we are talking about alternative solutions to environmental problems, development of resource and waste-free (low-waste) of production, the use of direct environmental measures.

Direct environmental protection measures are the traditional way of OPS. But experience has shown that their use is a policy quarrel with the consequence of technological development, but inhibits the degradation of nature. Correct is a different approach, look for the causes of negative actions and eliminate them.

The foregoing theoretical concepts of sustainable development can be implemented at different levels in any sector of the economy. [1-4]

One of the environmental problems of the coal industry is the contamination of surface waters and siltation of suspended solids contained in the mine waters.

Although, according to institutions and DonUgi Dongiproshaht, the problem is solved lighten mine water and with adequate funding can be withdrawn from the agenda, but experience shows that keep on its agenda the question of clarification mine waters prematurely and imprudently.

Moreover, there are several reasons:

-First, almost 80% of mines to the surface water drains from a concentration exceeding 300 mg / L, thereby increasing the load on the surface treatment plant, quickly reduced the efficiency and reliability of their work, especially filters;
-Second, high rates of treatment, which are listed in the report of the mines, often indicates a weak quality control of mine water for their release into water bodies to control cross-sections;
-Third, set the order of the Coal Ministry of Ukraine № 118 RDT concentration in mine waters discharged into bodies of water, equal to 30 mg / l did not reflect the mechanism of action "Sanitary rules and norms for the protection of surface waters from pollution (SanPin number 46 30 -88). Given the current level of contamination of surface water bodies of his size should be dramatically reduced. [11]

Analysis showed that this situation is largely explained by the fact that mine is not enough attention has been paid cleaning mine water in underground conditions, timely cleaning of drainage grooves and catchments yards.
Stated points to the relevance of a review of existing approaches to environmental management of mines. Implementation of pre-treatment of mine water from the RDT in underground mines is implementing the proposal. In addition to the environmental values of the urgency of solving the problem in the deliberation of the following highlights.

In mining the coal industry has developed the traditional scheme of pumping with a double cleaning pumped mine water. Initially, the water is clarified in the underground water collector, and finally to sanitary standards - in surface treatment plant mines. The main purpose of the underground water tanks - avoid contact with solid particles larger than 0.1 mm in the pumps. Particle size less than 0.1 mm should be retained in the surface treatment facilities. The state of the mine water tanks depends, firstly, the effectiveness of treatment of mine water before discharge into surface runoff and, secondly, the reliability of the pumps pumping.

As a means of drainage from coal mines are now mostly used pumps CNS NSSH, normal operation which the manufacturer is guaranteed for transporting water from the solids content not exceeding 0,1% by weight and size of solid particles is not more than 0 , 1 mm. Experience of operation of centrifugal pumps in the mines of the Donbass and other basins showed that this process is carried out with wide variations, resulting in the suction pump supplied contaminated water. Solids content of suspended impurities in it reaches 3 kg/m3, of which 60-70% abrasive. [6-10]

Thus, clarifying the function catchments is low. Contaminated water leads to rapid wear of pump parts (MTBF 2000-2500 h), reducing turnaround time of units (up to 4-6 months). Due to wear of seals is the volume of fluid from the overflow discharge into the suction cavity, resulting in a reduction in supply (which is often 50-60% of the nominal value of pressure), reduced efficiency, increased use-capacity. Currently, electricity consumption needs of drainage in the Donbass region of 2,0-2,3 billion kW • h / year, is extremely high. However, such a great power is not normative. It is too high due to the above reasons, and because now the mines are scattered in the drainage installation yards of the main horizon and work horizons biases fields are not linked functionally operate in isolation.
It should also be noted that the cleaning of existing systems by accumulating sediment is a labor-intensive operation with a substantial proportion of manual labor (level of mechanization does not exceed 8-10%).

To ensure reliable operation of water control shafts to provide regulatory clarity of water flowing to suction pumps. Necessity forced clarification of mine water from the contained solid particles particle size of 0.1 mm or more, is reflected in the SNIP ІІ94-80 "Underground mining", where the mines encouraged settlers to construct a special water collectors with devices for mechanized cleaning of accumulated sludge. Currently, water collectors with a brightening of reservoirs (advanced septic tanks) are used by approximately 15% of mines in Ukraine. But experience shows that the facility in accordance with SNIP II 94-80 preliminary sedimentation horizontal type on a number of mines often do not provide the desired degree of purification of mine water does not exclude the siltation of water tanks, but only slows it does not address the issue of cleaning of the sludge and further generates problem quickly silted preliminary sedimentation due to lack of mechanization of this process. However, capital costs for construction of large-sized pre-settler high, reaching 40% of the cost of building developments header.

We must also bear in mind that the use of catchments as a brightening of tanks and chip catcher is contrary to their purpose as emergency and regulation reservoirs, reducing their capacity due to siltation, turns water collectors in the storm drains for the transit of water makes it necessary increase the frequency of inclusion of pumps and reduce the intervals between the inclusions, which in turn increases power consumption and accelerated wear on motors when working in the starting conditions, causes overheating of the windings. At the same time, reducing the working volume of the water tanks eliminates the ability to disable the pumping during the peak load power, not to create emergency due to flooding mines. In addition, because of the overlap of slipping sludge safety net receivers of pumps in the last moments of the inclusion of work in the mode of cavitation and intense wear.

Finally, it should be noted that a constructive device catchments does not perform with them a full clarification of mine water, conforming to the requirements of the manufacturers of pumps, namely: the impurity content not exceeding 0,1% by weight and size of particles less than 0,1 mm .

In addition to the above shows that the shortcomings of a significant negative factor is the discharge of insufficiently treated mine water into the surrounding hydrographic network, as currently applied in surface treatment plants of most mines are designed to receive water, partially clarified in the underground water collector, which is usually not observed. There is considerable environmental damage. The task of preventing the negative impact of mine waters discharged into surface hydrographic network, the components of "particulate matter" (RDT) and bacterial impurities "in the past decade in Ukraine's coal industry was solved by direct activities to direct discharge of water. Most of these activities include the construction of above ground tanks of various designs (the first stage of the process) and in some cases, filters and ponds (the second stage of the process) [5].

Experience has shown that technical solutions lighten mine drainage in ground conditions inherent in major shortcomings:

a) the complexity of the technological schemes and design of wastewater treatment facilities;
b) the need to use in the purification of large quantities of scarce and expensive chemical reagents, silica sand, absorbents and other materials (the agents themselves are contaminants of water);
c) the high cost of wastewater treatment plants (from 6 to 15% of assets);
d) lack of flexibility to respond to changing conditions for entry of contaminated water to enter treatment facilities, namely the change of flow rate (flow), and especially the quantitative and qualitative composition of impurities of polluted water;
e) the lack of simple and reliable solutions for cleaning containers and vehicles from the residual products of water, fillers regeneration apparatus (filter loading, sorbents, etc.) as well as Warehousing residues and their disposal;
e) The exclusion of significant land areas for sewage treatment.

These shortcomings lead to two negative consequences:

• Inconsistency of design effectiveness of treatment facilities a real (usually in natural conditions is much lower than the real effectiveness of the project);
• Secondly, limiting the full application of technological schemes and facilities for water purification.

To ensure the desired effect of mine water treatment is necessary as the improvement of the known methods and circuits lighten mine water, and the search for new approaches and solutions. Given current trends, such solutions are fruitful at the crossroads of different directions: in this case a combination of environmental aspects of the enterprise and ensure reliable operation of water control the mines. Increased efficiency of the mine dewatering facilities (including a significant reduction in power consumption), as well as increasing their operational reliability is achieved through a systematic approach taking into account the hydrogeological conditions of the formation of mine waters and their drainage in the mining, sewer conditions to the precinct and main dewatering tanks, structures surface and underground brightening treatment plants, environmental requirements for discharge of mine water conditions in surface water bodies. A significant increase in the reliability of pumping in general, reducing the proportion of manual labor in cleaning the tanks and dewatering the most rational solution to the problem of reducing the harmful impact of waste coal production on water resources is possible only by combining all dewatering facilities each mine in a single complex with technological and environmental features. [12]

Using this approach indicates that the scope of application begins in underground mines and ends at the elevated conditions. An important advantage of this proposal is that the reduction of contamination of mine waters in underground conditions can be regarded as a comprehensive solution of issues of normalization of drainage, protection of OPS from waste coal industry and the possibility of using treated wastewater for technological needs of mines and related businesses.

In environmental terms the implementation of these activities should be understood as the first step of water resources protection from the harmful effects of waste coal production. The second step to reduce contamination of mine water, ie their deep post-treatment of suspended solids must be carried out when necessary on the ground (to filter wastewater treatment plants).

The aim of qualifying work is to develop measures to reduce contamination of mine water with suspended solids (RDT) in underground coal mine (for example mine "Russia").

The idea of work is to reduce the industrial impact of mine production at OPS, conservation of freshwater resources.
Problems solved in the master's work:

• Treating mine water as a major factor of destabilization of the ecological balance of the hydrosphere Donbass and identification with the results of their industrial impact;
• Generalization of the factors influencing the water treatment system function water control shaft;
• Research and analysis of water production, pollution processes and preconditions for effective clarification of mine waters in underground mine "Russia";
• Identify the main areas to reduce contamination of mine waters RDT in underground conditions;
• Development of preventive measures to reduce contamination of groundwater RDT in mines;
• Development activities for clarification of small amounts of mine water in mine workings;
• Development of the recovery and transport of sediment from the underground water treatment facilities;
• Development of the system scheme and its variants in order to reduce contamination of mine waters RDT in underground conditions;
• Determine the cost-effectiveness of measures to reduce contamination of mine water RDT proposed in the master's work.

Object of study is a set of elements to reduce contamination of mine water with suspended solids in the water control mine.

The subject of the study are the formation of the development of technical and technological schemes to reduce contamination of mine waters in underground mine workings.

Methods of research - systematic-ecological approach and experimental studies in field and laboratory conditions and using the model and actual mine water through a special method of sedimentation analysis, the laws of hydraulics and fluid mechanics, to evaluate the experimental results used mathematical methods of data processing, the definition of quality indicators water was carried out in accordance with existing regulations.

Scientific novelty of the research is to:

• The development of concepts needed to build a dewatering systems of higher technological level, taking into account the environmental component, based on pre-treatment of mine waters from suspended particulate matter through the precinct and the central station.
• Development of a comprehensive deal with the normal work of drainage, protection of the environment (hydrosphere) from waste water of the coal industry and the possibility of using treated mine water for technological needs of the mine.

To date, a certain amount of scientific and technical information on the research aspects of the solution to reduce contamination of mine water with suspended solids in underground conditions. Works by this plan are made in the Donetsk National Technical University, Shakhty branch Novocherkessk Polytechnic Institute. Most system studies in this field carried out in DonNTU.

At the same time, we should note their incompleteness, mainly due to financial and economic reasons, specific to the present period of economic activity. It is advisable to published material to analyze, synthesize and further research of this scientific field as well as its relevance (as shown above) is high.

From the standpoint of a systems approach, there are certain specific conditions for the realization of these intentions:

1) a relatively stable relationship between the water inflow in different systems of mining. The water inflow in the preparatory and capital mine workings are mostly 3-5%, are irrelevant; the existing wastewater treatment - 20-30% in satisfaction of (waste) - 65-76% (in some cases up to 90%). Water inflow from the canceled workings contain virtually no or in some cases contain small ( 30 mg / l) of suspended solids. Such water can be classified as conditionally clean. However, blending into the main dewatering containers with small amounts of polluted water from the preparation and clearing mines, they are contaminated, losing its valuable quality - cleanliness. Therefore advisable to avoid mixing small flows of polluted water and heavy flows conditionally clean water through their preliminary separation and purification in the underground environment of small volumes of contaminated water;
2) a significant decline in the treated mine water (65 - 75%, and in some mines at 90%), which will significantly reduce the overall size of treatment plants, capital costs for their construction, as well as dramatically increase the efficiency and reliability of treatment;
3) increased by several orders of particle size of suspensions, contained in underground mine water flows in the precinct chains, compared with particles in the water, pumped to the surface, which dramatically increases the efficiency of sedimentation of suspended matter in the underground desilting facilities, especially when placing the latter on the existing horizons;

Figure 1 -Drainage installation to remove used the mine water on the surface

4) increased by several orders of magnitude the concentration of suspended matter contained in the underground mine water flows in the precinct chains, compared with water, pumped to the surface, which dramatically increases in the first hour of the effectiveness of settling clouds of sediment (including fine) in underground desilting facilities, acting on disposable horizons;
5) the presence at each mine extensive water control, elements of which, with appropriate upgrading may be given to clarifying and disinfecting functions with small water treatment facilities;
6) the presence of extended goaf with caving, which can be used for the disposal of sediment accumulated in the wastewater treatment tanks, and in some cases for clean water, so the issues of sludge can be solved by simpler methods;
7) the possibility of greatly reducing water jet wear and increase the resource time of the pump when pumping from the mines pre-clarified water, which is important for the normal and efficient operation drainage at all mines, but particularly in the construction of large-scale mines, the union of drainage and increase the depth of coal seams when due to the increase of required flow and pressure has been an increase in capacity, size and weight of pump units;
8) the possibility of using conditionally clean and treated mine water for technological needs of the mines directly into the underground environment (dust control, fire, etc.), while decreasing energy pumping by reducing the amount of water issued from the mine;
9) to prevent siltation of water tanks, to create preconditions for the reduction of working volume up to 30%, ie the amount allowable siltation, regulated by "Rules of technical operation, creating conditions for the construction of water tanks intended use, projected restored (consisting of a two-tank mines: the adjustment and emergency);

Figure 2 - General view of the mobile units for cleaning cameras accumulation of sediment

10) reduction in the amount of work on cleaning of sludge dewatering grooves, and other catchment tanks that currently requires significant manual labor;
11) reduction and heave mining, haulage ways to reduce accidents;
12) reduction in the size of areas of valuable land on the surface, rejected by the cumbersome lagoons, ponds, clarifiers, filter stations, reduction of costs for construction and operation of these surface structures.

Figure 3 - Installations for the purification of mine water on the surface of the

To implement these prerequisites in the process of implementing this work has been critically analyzed the direction of reducing the contamination of mine water contaminated by suspended substances in underground conditions:

First, prophylactic prevention of pollution of large volumes of relatively clean groundwater flowing from the developed space horizons of waste the mine, and reducing contamination of mine waters in the precinct chains acting horizons;

secondly, the purification of small volumes of contaminated water flowing from the current horizon of the mine.

Mixing large volumes of relatively clean water and small amounts of contaminated water flowing from the existing horizons, should be done in the header just after the preliminary clarification of polluted waters.

The degree of lightening of small amounts of mine water before discharge to the lodgement main (central) drainage is determined by:

• The required quantity of residual contamination of mine water, pumped to the surface;
• Diluting the value (after mixing in water collectors) of small volumes of clarified water large amounts of relatively clean water;
• The requirements of potential customers for quality brightens waters used for the technological needs of the enterprise.

Residual content of suspended solids in mine waters, pumped to the surface, defined by the presence or absence of the second stage of post-treatment facilities on the ground, and in the case of the last parameters of its efficient and reliable operation. In the absence of the second stage of treatment, this quantity is regulated by the requirements for the protection of each type of water body to the quality of mine water permitted to descend into reservoirs on the basis of "Rules of surface water from contamination return water.

Activities to prevent and reduce contamination of mine waters on the main routes of movement for mining, as well as technological schemes purification of small volumes of water in underground conditions are developed based on the prepared list of original data and proposals to be submitted to the customer project organization. Prepare source data for the conditions of existing mines by direct surveys of ground conditions and study the technological properties of flowing mine waters.

When designing a new mine raw data are prepared on the basis of hydrogeological exploration of the deposit or mine field and study the technological properties of mine water nearby mines, working in similar geological conditions.
Important to choose the location of wastewater treatment plants in underground conditions, as well as the selection method of cleaning equipment for its implementation. The choice of the location of wastewater treatment plants is determined by branching RDT is also possible polluted water with relatively clean groundwater.

Question of choosing the cleaning method is also responsible. Analysis showed that this method can be intense gravitational settling using thin-layer or in the field of centrifugal forces through a system of small diameter hydrocyclones. Requires also addressing the need for chemical treatment.

In the case of the second stage of cleaning agents to use for deep cleaning of mine water is obviously not required.
Clarified polezhat mine water disinfection: if you want, then underground, but in other cases on the surface before being discharged into receiving waters.

Thanks to the implementation of underground activities to reduce pollution of mine water with suspended solids main water collectors on new and upgraded coal mines, as well as prepared and horizons can be performed as drainage capacity with a minimum required capacity, deprived constructively clarifying function. In this case, the residual solid fine particulate component is given to the surface with water. Thereby eliminated time-consuming operation of cleaning water tanks from unnecessary sludge. This is another advantage of the underground treatment.

Finally, rational actions and schemes are approved after the project design two or more options (including on the basis of techno-economic comparison) of the complex operations, including working conditions mine water control, separation of flows underground and surface mine water treatment, as well as their use for technological purposes mines and other enterprises.

Attention (as shown by the analysis of publications) should be given to cleaning the groundwater treatment plant sludge from its dehydration and storage. Ash from accumulating sediment is different.

Asked to review two options.
Sediments with high content of organic particles is recommended to utilize as a low-grade fuel additives to commodity coal, additives in the briquette process, the manufacture of construction materials, etc.

Of high-rainfall (ash content 39 ... 83%) in the absence of the possibility of their utilization for technical reasons in the mines may be buried in underground mines and abandoned waste sites operating mines or on the surface (silt site, recultivated fields, rock piles).

Ability to use a particular method of sludge from septic tanks is determined by mining and geological, hydrogeological and mining-technical conditions of development, the state of the OPS, the availability of appropriate equipment and is considered separately for each mine. However, to create a single set of treatment facilities, and also provided to prevent damage OPS precipitation must first dehydrate. Dehydration process should be conducted primarily in underground conditions.

To date, the following steps:

• Defines the main directions to reduce contamination of mine waters RDT in underground conditions;
• The processes of change in the initial contamination of mine water at the flow along the length of excavation;
• Studied conditions decreasing the initial contamination of groundwater draining into the mine workings, and variants of mutual arrangement of the drain grooves and brightening devices drift;
• Explore the feasibility of using plants for clarification of mine water with microcyclones;
• Defined conditions to prevent contamination of conventionally clean water by water-stores whose schemes are offered, as well as through the creation of group drainage and the use of filtering shield jumpers;
• Designed version of the mobile mining clarifier;
• A basic layout scheme of a stationary complex of underground water treatment and equipment in them.

The next step to implement the following steps:

• Justification location of underground water treatment systems;
• Develop options for a single scheme, the district's pumping complex that includes sediment and water collector;
• Development and calculation modules of thin-layer settler, chamber volume of sediment accumulation and the parameters of hydro-mechanical devices to extract sediment;
• To develop options flowsheets cleaning precinct wastewater treatment systems, as well as the main drainage catchments with hydromechanical devices. Under various schemes of development and utilization of coal-bed sediment;
• Develop an integrated process scheme to reduce contamination of mine waters in underground conditions;
• Definition of economic efficiency of the proposed mine water treatment options in underground conditions;
• Development of labor protection measures.

As a result of this work improved cleaning technology of mine water in the mine named "Russia", improving the quality of treatment of mine water for reuse for the needs of enterprises, agriculture
and other sectors and to achieve environmental, economic and social effects.

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