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Justification of the topic and its relevance

Among the many vital concerns of mankind today, one of the first places on the value belongs to the problem of preservation of the environment with its complex mechanism of self-healing and self-regulation, prevailing over a long period of existence of our planet. The urgency of the problem stems from the fact that with the deepening of scientific and technological progress and scale industrialization increases the degree of cumulative impacts of industrial production for all elements of the biosphere, causing undesirable changes in quality and quantity. All this creates environmental tensions in industrialized regions, significantly worsens the living conditions of people, animals and plants [1].

Sources of contamination at the mine produced directly the activities of the enterprise, many (evacuated of water, waste, etc.). But, in my view, special attention should be paid to waste dumps in the analysis of hazardous pollution environment.

It is known that such waste dumps can be a valuable resource for the extraction of rare and nonferrous metals, for road construction, the manufacture of building materials, bookmarks, gob, growing different varieties of plants and much more. All this is true in more expensive raw materials for metallurgy and building materials, mining and maintenance etc. In addition, the relevance of topics is not only the search for solutions on the application of rock mass as a valuable component, but also finding the most efficient technology to use it.

The purpose and objectives of the study

Purpose: to select and analyze the rational use of technology to blast rocks in mine to them. Kalinin and mitigate the adverse effects of waste heaps on the environment.

For this goal must complete the following tasks:

  1. According to the chemical and mineralogical composition and physical properties of mine rocks to determine the direction of their use.
  2. Analyze existing research and development in these areas of the breed.
  3. Select and justify the most efficient use of waste dump area.
  4. To substantiate the technological solutions applied direction.

The object of study: rock dump and environment in his place of accommodation.

Purpose of the study: technological solutions on the use of rock in the mine.

Expected scientific novelty

Scientific novelty lies in the analysis of statistical data from an environmental point of view, as well as passport waste dump and the development of recommendations for the management of species in a particular enterprise – mine to them. Kalinin.

The scientific novelty consists of the following aspects:

  1. Prediction of rock issued to the surface, to determine the most efficient direction of its use.
  2. Ecological and economic assessment of possible methods of using the shaft of the breed.
  3. Technical rationale for the use of the rock dumps.

The practical value of the work

The use of rock in the mine for laying out space to reduce the deformation of the surface of the array, building materials for structures in the mine is several times cheaper to buy materials, the release of employment land at rock dumping it to the roadway.

Review of data, the existing research and development on

Mine to them. Kalinin designed by Dongiproshaht and commissioned in 1962. Geographically, the mine is located in the Kalinin district of the city of Donetsk along the Street Mira [2].

Determining the direction of a particular waste dump is made according to Руководству по определению объема и номенклатуре исходных данных для составления мероприятий по утилизации вскрышных и вмещающих пород, performed on the recommendations of the Scientific Research and Design Institute of Environmental Protection in the coal industry (ВНИИОСуголь) [3].

According to the geological data of the rocks represented mainly of siltstone, mudstone, and is the layer of sandstone. The chemical composition of mine waste dumps mine to them. Kalinin: SiO2 – 54,10 %, CaO – 0,93 %, Al2O3 – 17,65 %, Na2O – 0,50 %, Fe2O3 – 4,49 %, ППП – 15,73 %, MgO – 3,00 %, K2O – 2,00 %.

Other indicators of the quality of the breed are: ash content of 12,7 – 13,5 %, moisture 1,2 – 2,0 % sulfur, 2,2 – 4,62 %; devolatilization is 18,3 – 23,0 %.

Breed of the blade is recommended for the production of building materials, for laying out space, as well as in road construction.

Mine waste dumps are used as a bookmark out space in order to avoid leaving cavities beneath the earth, which can lead to subsidence.

Waste from the coal industry may be used in construction, which will provide the following effects: ecological effects (reduction of anthropogenic impact on the environment), economic (reduction of charges for waste disposal in the environment, to obtain additional income from the sale of products made from waste) and social (jobs) [4].

Consider one of the technological processes of production of the rock.

Property and equipment needed to produce:

  1. crusher,
  2. rumble vibrating,
  3. line Riphean-Varyag.

Technical specifications of the productivity of the line Riphean-Varyag in the manufacture of [5]:

  1. building blocks ...................................... 360 things / hour
  2. partition blocks .................................... 500 things / hour
  3. paving ............................................... 175 things / hour
  4. zone of formation of products ................. 500x1000 mm
  5. height of the molded products ................... 50 – 240 mm
  6. the installed capacity of................................ 35,7 kW
  7. weight ....................................................... 8,7 tons
  8. staff .......................................................... 3 – 4 man
  9. the volume of waste ..................................... 5 – 15 %
  10. the cost of................................................ 376 000 USD

Fabrication technology to the complex Riphean-Varyag

In the manufacture of construction products, has three main components: binder, filler and water. The binder in the complex Riphean-Varyag is used cement, as well as an aggregate – sand gravel production screenings, expanded clay, slag, ash, sawdust, or other local material, capable of mixing with the binder and its setting to create a strong composition.

The water used for preparation of concrete, there should be no admixture of oils, acids, strong alkalis organic substances and industrial waste. Water provides the hydration (setting) of cement. Any impurities in the water can significantly reduce the strength of the concrete and cause unwanted premature or delayed setting of cement. In addition, contaminated water can lead to stains on the surface of the finished product. The water temperature must not fall below 150 deg., since the decrease in temperature leads to an increase in setting time of concrete.

Production of building materials from the rocks of the blade shown in the animation production cinder block.

Technological scheme of production of the cinder block rock mining dumps

Picture 1 – Technological scheme of production of the cinder block rock mining dumps

Mine rock shovel loaders delivered to the grinding department and loaded into a hopper, equipped with a grid cell of 15 mm, which performs an oscillatory motion under the influence of the vibrator. Breed of up to 15 mm wakes up on a conveyor belt, a breed more than 15 mm is fed by an inclined lattice hopper to the crusher, then – on the slow rumble – 15 mm, and then also on the conveyor belt. Belt conveyor rock is transported to the line of Riphean-Varyag. In bulk dispensers fed crushed rock and cement, water from the measuring unit is fed directly into the mixer.

Concrete is placed over the bunker vibropress. Eat ready-made cinder blocks from the press and laying in a bookcase is a manipulator drive-puller. Transportation drives in the steaming chamber is electric. Heat treatment is carried out cinder block water vapor in the chambers of periodic action. Heat treatment of stones in the steaming chamber is produced by steam to a temperature of 80 deg. Heat treatment cycle – 15 hours, cooling stone – 2 hours. From the steaming chamber drives with electric cinder blocks are transported to a warehouse of finished cinder block, where the manipulator using cinder blocks stacked in piles. Warehouse is equipped with a cinder block suspended by crane, with which you are loading cinder blocks in the car [6].

The most promising and cost-effective way of recycling waste dump of a flat is its use in road construction as a base fabric of roads.

Practical application of rock dump in road construction have all the coal regions. In Donetsk, construction technology road tested on the road from Street Baidukova next to the Donbass Arena [7].

Moldboard weight should be applied in full, so decided a number of issues related to the different fractional composition of the rocks piles, high content of carbon in the fresh waste, the danger of spontaneous combustion of coal in embankments, high content of sulfur compounds, which act aggressively towards some road materials, wet waste etc [8].

The breed must meet the following main conditions:

  1. the desired grain structure. 5% of the blocks are allowed up to 300 mm, and the content of dust particles – less than 3%;
  2. frost, due to the seasonal freezing of sub grade;
  3. optimum moisture content;
  4. maximum density of the waste. An important indicator is considered to be material and strength balance, taking into account possible variations in the strength and the likelihood of obtaining a sufficiently homogeneous structure.

For the device underlayment is used after the first crushing rock with a grain size from 20 to 150 mm [9]. The technological process is reduced to the leveling and compaction of rock surfaces formed by rolling. Drawdown are aligned, scattering smaller size of burned rocks, and 15 – 18 times on the mound is a heavy roller. Seal ends with the termination of the deformation after the passage of the rink. To increase the density of the rock layer can be moistened.

For the lower and middle class the size of the grounds used fractions over 40 to 80 mm and 80 to 150 mm for the upper layers of the grounds and products – over 20 to 40 mm and over 40 to 80 mm.

The base and coating of crushed rock placed similar burned the grounds of natural crushed stone and gravel – paved, distribute and compacted.

Picture 2 shows the variations of the proposed construction of pavement materials burned rocks mine dumps.

pic1

Picture 2 – Pavement designs advanced lightweight materials such as burned rocks (h – thickness of the layer): 1 – surface treatment, the fraction of 5 – 10 mm, 2 – 20 – 40 mm gravel fraction treated with bitumen, h = 8 cm, 3 – layer of gravel, h = 20 cm, 4 – screenings of crushing burned rocks, h = 16 cm, 5 – a mixture of gravel fractions, treated with bitumen on the road, h = 10 cm, 6 – a mixture of gravel over 20 to 80 (150) mm, h = 30 cm.

Current and future results on

The results of the work performed will:

  1. predict the number of species used in the mine at its maximum production;
  2. justify the direction of the management of mine rock;
  3. prevent the negative impact of mining on the environment.

The results of master's work can be a useful basis for further research.

Conclusion

Modern large-scale development of the mining industry has a significant negative impact on the environment that goes beyond its self-healing and self-regulatory capabilities. This is a direct result of extensive long-term development of the mining industry that causes the destabilization of the environment multi-ton waste of economic activity and providing the necessary means of existence due to the destruction of the natural living conditions of people [10].

To date, the coal industry has gained some experience in the restoration of ecological balance in the environment during the production activities of mines, mines and processing plants. The most complete use of produced raw materials and waste products can meet your needs in the enterprise of building materials and maintenance of mine workings, as well as reduce the costs paid by the company due to the application of waste environmental damage.

Список источников

  1. В. С. Малышенко Совершенствование природоохранных работ в угольной промышленности / В. С. Малышенко,
    Ю. В. Каплунов, А. П. Красавин, А. А.  Харионовский // Обзор ЦНИЭИуголь.: М., – 1992.
  2. Сведения о шахте Калинина. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://duek.dn.ua/kln/index.html.
  3. Джунько П. М. Временное руководство по определению объема и номенклатуре исходных данных для составления мероприятий по утилизации вскрышных и вмещающих пород / П. М. Джунько, Т. А. Михалева, М. Я. Шпирт,
    Ю. Н. Жаров // ВНИИСуголь.: М., – 1983.
  4. Методические указания к выполнению курсовой работы по дисциплине «Экологический менеджмент» //
    Беляева Е. Л., Костенко В. К., Матлак Е. С., Шафоростова М. Н. – Донецк, ДонНТУ, 2006. – 33 с. –

    [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://feht.donntu.ru/strukt/pd/img/kurs_ecomenedgm.pdf>
  5. Линия «Рифей-Варяг» [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.vpres.ru/?id=4
  6. Утилизация и рекуперация отходов. Учебное пособие (для студентов специальности 7. 070801 «Экология и охрана окружающей среды») / Краснянский М. Е., Донецк: ООО «Лебедь», – 2004. – 288с.
  7. Мишина Т. «При строительстве дорог к Евро-2012 будут использовать шахтные отходы». – МК Донбасс – 05.08.2011год. – [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://mk-donbass.com.ua/index.
  8. Мочков B.C. Опыт использования отходов добычи и обогащения угля в дорожном строительстве / B. C. Мочков,
    Б. Е. Бронштейн // Обзор ННИЭИуголь.: М., – 1988. – 29с.
  9. Буравчук Н. И., Гурьянова О. В., Окороков Е. П., Павлова Л. Н. «Материалы из техногенного сырья для дорожного строительства». – 8-я Международная конференция «Сотрудничество для решения проблемы отходов»,
    23 – 24 февраля 2011 г., Харьков. – 168 с. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://waste.ua/cooperation
  10. Статья об угольной промышленности [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.tek.ua/article