DonNTU   Masters'portal

Abstract

Maintenance

Introduction

Increase in energy prices in recent years has led to a dramatic change in attitude towards the organization of energy accounting in industry and other energy-intensive sectors (transport, housing and utilities). Formed in the period of the planned economy and the organizational principles of the infrastructure areas of energy accounting for today remained almost unchanged. When existed before the 2000 energy accounting system, there have been excessive loss. The bulk of the loss consisted of losses from theft, mismanagement, inefficient use of equipment and paid for by the consumer through a system of tariffs, subsidies or grants financed from the state and local budgets.

In connection with the transition to market economy conditions of work, an important issue of reliable accounting system at all levels of production, transmission and consumption. In industrialized countries with a market economy energy are considered like any other commodity – the object of purchase-sale, which is subject to all applicable rules regarding custody of their quantity and quality. So having a comprehensive energy metering is seen as an essential element to the principles inherent in the construction market economic relations, which predetermines the logistics of such records. The account covers all stages of production and consumption of energy resources, but the commercial account for only sphere of purchase and sale, that is, governs the relationship between sellers and buyers (both entities and individuals. Internal (technical) metering of energy resources, which covers the actual processes of enterprises – subjects of the energy market, remains the prerogative of enterprises. Until recently, there were no companies in Ukraine with the production of the desired spectrum of the measuring equipment, means of data collection, transmission and processing of information. There was also no regulatory framework and the concept of creating such devices. Accordingly, in 2000 it was decided to develop sectoral programs and the concept of automated electricity metering systems in Energy Market – the state enterprise responsible for directing the wholesale market of electric energy [1]. Use of automated control systems in all areas of life and work permits precise and rapid control of the consumption of energy resources, increasing the reliability of accounting, optimizing costs energy resources.

1. Theme urgency

In addition to the existing problems in the energy sector of Ukraine related to the rising costs of energy, as well as with large overhangs loss of electricity, there is one more important issue – namely, the non-uniformity of daily schedules by region. There was a need to adopt measures to facilitate the alignment of these graphs [2]. Addressing these issues are relevant in our country and around the world, persperktivnoy is to implement a system that would combine the local units of the account to create a single measurement and information space for a one-time, continuous, automatic control of the process of generation, transmission and consumption of energy resources, and the organization of commercial transactions between suppliers and consumers of energy

The use of automated accounting systems of electricity to minimize human involvement in the measurement step, the collection and processing of data and provides a reliable, fast and flexible, adapted to the various tariff energy accounting systems.

2. Goal of work setting

The purpose of my master's thesis is to consider the principle of the modern automated accounting systems of electricity (AMR) based on the multi-function high-precision microprocessor – based electricity, the analysis of existing accounting systems and prospects for new metering system as a necessary link to the functioning of power in Ukraine.

3. Modern devices of account of electric power

For active and reactive power AC induction applied early one-and three-phase devices for metering of electricity DC (electric vehicles, electric railway) – electromagnetic counters. In the electric meter induction system moving part (aluminum disc) rotates during consumption, consumption of which is determined by the meter readings [3]. Induction (mechanical) energy meters are constantly forced out of the market due to electronic meters of drawbacks: the lack of remote automatic meter reading, tariff meters, accounting errors, poor protection against theft of electricity, as well as low functionality, the inconvenience of use compared with modern electronic devices. The main advantages of electronic meters is the possibility of electricity at tiered rates (two and a tariff), it is possible to store and display the amount of electricity used, depending on the programmed time periods. Multirate control is achieved through a set of counting mechanisms, each of which runs at set intervals corresponding to different rates. Today, electricity prices in Ukraine are formed by expensive methods (cost plus rate of return), and are strictly regulated by the National Commission regulation of energy (NERC). With the exception of CHP electricity generating companies that sell electricity at hourly price bids, and independent software vendors

As already noted, in the energy sector of Ukraine there was a problem – namely, the non-uniformity of daily schedules by region. Therefore, in May 1995, in the power Ukraine were allowed to use the so-called band energy tariffs, which is the essence of that day divided into separate parts (areas) of electricity and the cost varies depending on the area of the day. It should be noted that the purpose of the introduction of zone tariffs – it is economically interested consumers to implement measures to equalize downloads daily schedules, shift work that is energy-intensive customers with peak area (the maximum price of electricity) in the sleeping area (the minimum price for electricity).

To implement the band in electricity tariffs was necessary to the meter, which would have the opportunity to work in real time, that is equipped with a clock and calendar. At this time in Ukraine there and were allowed to use multi-function high-precision microprocessor electric ALPHA and "Euro-ALFA", intended to account for the consumption and generation of active and reactive power in the mode of multi-tariff (calculated at the same time up to 64 parameters of power consumption). These counters can be stored in its memory up to 70 days all the measured data and through its interfaces for various digital channels transmit the data to the server, saving companies and Engineering Department.

History of the ALPHA meter is unique. ALPHA meter was to be a model of the measuring device that best meets the requirements of the customers. The idea behind the counter when creating ALPHA – this one to extend the meter functions with respect to the base model. This is achieved by installing additional electronic boards in the case of the meter.

ALPHA meter – universal counter with the same manufacturing techniques (and with the same accuracy) for any application, transformer or direct connection. Counter switching transformer operates in the current range from 1.0 mA to 2 A, IN = 5 A - from 5.0 mA to 10 A specially designed for the microcontroller it is the process of measurement and processing of data in digital form, allowing to maintain a given accuracy measuring the entire range of operating temperatures from – 40 ° C to +60 ° C at maximum load and minimum load.

ALPHA microprocessor performance counter makes it programmable, allowing you to use a counter with a wide range of features. Programming Alpha counters under software package "ALPHA CENTER" [4].

For the time counting calendar used crystal oscillator. Time in the counter can be adjusted automatically during the reading of the information from the meter with a computer using special software.

During breaks in all the key power-meter data and data on its configuration is stored in non-volatile memory ROM microcontroller. Multirate mode data stored in the RAM of the microcontroller and RAM A + extra charges up until power is supplied to the counter. During the shutdown of the main power supply, lithium battery (if any modification of the counter) of the pulse generator provides power to 32,768 Hz, which supports the work of the internal calendar to keep correct accounts of the time. In parallel, the battery through a blocking diode is included supercapacitor. Initially, the energy at a power failure comes from the supercapacitor, which has sufficient capacity to support the work of memory and a calendar for a few hours. After discharge of the capacitor battery provides power to the data storage for a long period up to 3 years depending on the ambient temperature.

Measuring voltage and current sensors, the main circuit board with a microprocessor circuit measurement and high-speed microcontroller located in the housing and the electronic unit. Measured values and other desired data displayed on the meter display formed on the liquid crystal.The display counter height of 25 mm, alternating with a duration of 1 to 15 seconds, the measured values are displayed. The sequence and duration of displayed parameters are determined by the software.

For example, consider the multi-function microprocessor A1800 ALPHA meter transformer connection is designed for active and reactive energy and power in a three phase multi-tariff peremennogotoka mode, storing the measured data in its memory, and transfer them to a digital pulse and communication channels to the control station to control, accounting and distribution of electricity.

Meter ALPHA А1800

Figure 1 – Meter ALPHA А1800

A1800 ALPHA meter is designed for installation on power flows, generation, high-voltage substation, distribution networks and industrial plants.

Functionality A1800 ALPHA meter:

1. Measurement of active and reactive energy and power with an accuracy class 0.2S, 0.5S mode multi-tariff.

2. The measurement of power with normalized errors

3. Fixing the maximum power load with a given averaging.

4. Date and time stamp maximum active and reactive power for each tariff zone.

5. Recording and data storage and load curve network settings in memory counter.

6. The transfer of the results of measurements on digital channels and pulse.

7. Automatic load control and signaling the release of the network parameters for the specified limits.

Counter ALPHA A1800 has a larger memory, enabling it to record three separate arrays of load profile and energy power averaging with different intervals (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min.) And up to 32 scheduling various network parameters in two different intervals. Counters are installed on PS ALPHA on the outgoing lines. Since some substations are not in the power transmission system, the outgoing lines of 10 kV ALPHA counters set taking into account the energy in one direction, to measure the active power and maximum power. The counters are installed at the inlet of 0.4 kV auxiliary transformers. Connecting all of the counters is via current transformers (see wiring diagram ALPHA meter transformer connection).

Трёхфазная четырёхпроводная сеть с подключением через трансформаторы тока (трёхэлементные счётчики).

Figure 2 – Three-phase four-wire network is connected via current transformers (three-element meters).

4. Setting and flow diagram of AMR

The capabilities of modern electricity and evolution of communication technology will simplify the task of combining a plurality of commercial electricity in a single automated system of commercial accounting of power consumption in enterprises (AMR).

AMR – a tool that allows the user real-time monitor and manage power consumption. If there is a modern industrial enterprise AMR completely controls the entire process of your energy and has the ability to harmonize with the energy suppliers flexibility to move to different tariff systems, minimizing their energy costs.

Despite the abundance of interpretations AMR system, the authors, most of them imply a system to automate:

• consideration of energy consumption with high precision using the appropriate technical means, with high accuracy – electronic electricity meters, current transformers and voltage.

collection, storage and transmission of data on the electricity consumed by the DRC;

• maintain a single system time with the possibility of adjustment;

• transmission of the data to other levels of information – in a database server as the object of accounting (AWP energy and air) and energy sales organizations (AWS inspectors, system engineers) and the republican centers storing and analyzing data, using a variety of channels and media Data, including the reserve;

• analysis and production control actions on other technical means, when the output parameters of electric power accounted for within limits (limits).

The tasks of monitoring and recording:

• Precise measurement of the energy consumption in order to ensure payment for them in accordance with the actual amount of their supply / consumption and minimize non-productive costs for energy, in particular, through the use of more accurate measuring instruments or enhance synchronous primary data collection;

• Diagnosis of completeness to provide for settlement of energy in accordance with the real volume of consumption by increasing the reliability of the data used for financial settlements with energy suppliers and sub-consumers and enterprise management decision-making;

• A comprehensive automated commercial and technical accounting and control of their energy options for the company, its infrastructure and intrastrukturam (department, division, sub-consumers) on the tariff system in order to minimize production and non-energy costs;

• Monitoring of energy consumption at all points and accounting objects at predetermined time intervals (5, 30 minutes, zones, shift, day, decades, months, quarters or years) with respect to the specified limits, operational and technological limitations of power, flow, pressure and temperature to minimize energy costs and security of supply;

• Alarm system (color, sound) on deviations controlled values of the permissible range of values in order to minimize production costs for energy due to operational decision-making;

• Forecasting (short-, medium-and long-term) values of the quantities of energy accounting in order to minimize production costs for energy through energy planning;

• Most existing metering industry, because of their structural and functional limitations only address part of the problems.

In enterprises allocate commercial and technical accounting [5]. Commercial or calculated based call accounting of enterprise energy consumption for cash payments for it (or devices for metering called commercial or settlement). Technical, or control view call records to monitor the process of delivery / consumption of energy within the enterprise to its offices and facilities (or devices are used billing purposes).

Two types of accounting, commercial and technical, have their own specifics. Commercial accounting is conservative, has a well-established scheme of power supply, for it is characterized by a small number of metering points that require installation of meters of high accuracy, and themselves the tools of the lower and middle levels of AMR should be selected from the register of measuring instruments. In addition, the accounting system is mandatory sealed, which limits the possibility of making them any operational changes in the personnel of the enterprise.

Technical account, by contrast, is dynamic and constantly evolving, reflecting the changing demands of production, it is typical for a large number of metering points with different tasks control of energy, which you can install in order to save money reduced precision instruments. Technical control allows the use of devices not listed in the state register of measuring instruments, however, it can cause problems with figuring out the causes imbalance of energy consumption data from the systems of commercial and technical. Lack of sealing devices power sales organization allows the service to the main energy companies to make quick changes to the scheme of technical control of energy resources in the setting of primary instruments in accordance with the current changes in the energy supply of the enterprise and the specific production problems solved. Given this specificity of the commercial and technical accounting can optimize the cost of creating and operating the metering system.

Solving problems of energy accounting in the enterprise requires the creation of automated control systems and energy accounting, the structure of which can generally be divided into four levels:

Block diagram of AMR

Figure 3 - Block diagram of AMR

• The first level – primary instrumentation (PIP) with digital outputs carrying out continuously or with a minimum interval averaging measurement of the energy accounting of consumers (electricity consumption) for metering points (feeder, pipe, etc.);

• Second level – the collection and transmission of data (DRC), specialized measuring system or multifunctional programmable converters with integrated energy accounting software, exercising in a given cycle interval averaging hour collection of measurement data from geographically distributed PIP, storage, processing and transmission of the data to the upper levels;

• The third level – a personal computer (PC) or server center for the collection and processing of data with specialized software metering, information is gathered from the DRC (or group of DRC), final processing of such information at the points of accounting, and in their groups - by office and objects of the enterprise, documenting and displaying records in a form suitable for analysis and decision-making (management) operational staff service chief power and the leadership of the company;

• Fourth level – center server data collection and processing with specialized software metering, to collect information from the PC and / or a group of centers for the collection and processing of data in the third level, additional aggregation and structuring of information for groups of records, documentation and display of data records in form convenient for analysis and decision-making in staff and leadership of chief power of distributed medium-sized and large enterprises or power systems, maintenance contracts for the supply of energy resources and the creation of payment documents for payments for energy [6];

All levels of AMR linked communication channels. For communication levels and DRC API or data centers, as normally used for direct connection to the standard interfaces (such as RS-485, etc. IRPS). DRC centered data collection third level Data Collection 3rd and 4th levels can be connected via a dedicated, switched channels.

Example of a power supply company in the implementation of AMR

Figure 4 - Example of a power supply company in the implementation of AMR
(animation: 5 frames, 5 cycles of repeating, 44,5 kilobytes)

For custody is necessary to put the current transformers with an accuracy class of no more than 0,5 S.

The introduction of metering allows for a range of activities, the result of which will be:

1. Increasing the accuracy of calculation of working through the use of modern smart meters.

2. Operational complete and reliable information on the consumption and distribution of energy resources across the enterprise, shop, area.

3. Improving management decisions and timely identification of cost overruns as a result of a complete picture of energy consumption.

4. The specific energy consumption norms and planning of energy costs.

5. Analysis of the rationality of spending energy and energy efficiency rating of the equipment.

6. Saving time energy service for the collection and reporting documents, balance sheets, etc. note.

7. Setting shops energy consumption limits, monitoring exceedances of established norms and alarm about excess.

8. Control efficiency of primary energy metering [7].

5. The economic effect of AMR

The main purpose of the introduction of automated accounting systems is to reduce electricity costs and the costs of energy consumption, reduced waste by improving the accuracy of the data collection and reduce the time of treatment. Automation of electricity at all stages, from production to consumption, it is essential to the efficient operation of modern power systems. Energy conservation and energy optimization is equally acute in industry and at home (cottage villages, suburban cooperatives, garden associations).

The meaning of creation and use of AMR is a permanent energy savings and finance companies with a minimum initial cash cost [8]. The value of economic benefits from the use of AMR reaches of the enterprises on average 15-30% of the annual consumption of energoresurcov, as payback for the creation of AMR occurs in 2-3 quarters. Today the company AMR is the necessary mechanism, without which it is impossible to solve the problems of civilized settlements for energy from their suppliers, continuous energy savings and reducing the share of energy costs in the production costs of the enterprise.

As the process automation businesses, reduce the degree of human involvement in the production and improve its organization AMR can be administered in the return of the power management is not a power-manager or supervisor, and through the appropriate control unit-load regulators. As long as the production technology dominates man with his occasional strong-willed decisions, AMR will remain as an automated system that allows, first of all, to identify all of the losses of energy.

6. Conclusion

Today, enterprises in the field of energy accounting associated with the introduction of advanced metering. At a number of metering function for more than a year, in other enterprises begin their implementation, and the leaders of the third only speculate whether or not it is. The course of the global energy industry, and shows that the alternative to the principle "everything has to be taken into account and should pay for everything" no. And if today someone else can use other people's energy uncontrollably, then tomorrow it will be simply impossible, and the benefits will be from someone who has all the processes of energy will have total control. AMR – is a powerful tool to combat the energy crisis [9].

The value of economic benefits from the use of metering and tariff zone reaches the enterprises of hundreds of thousands of hryvnia per month, and cost recovery is possible to create a metering system for 2-3 quarters, namely the return of the band AMR: mine them. AF Zasjad'ko – 1.5 months, with average monthly consumption of 22 million kVt-ch/mes, private mine "Miner-95" 1.5 months, with an average consumption of 1.4 million kVt-ch/mes. Thus Today AMR Enterprise is the necessary mechanism, without which it is impossible to solve the problem of civilized settlements for energy from their suppliers, continuous energy savings and reducing the share of energy costs in the production costs of the enterprise.

This master's work is not completed yet. Final completion: December 2013.

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