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Abstract

Content

Introduction

Failures in Berezniki are subsidence and man-made earthquake in the territory Verkhnekamsk potassium and magnesium salts [1].

Berezniki and Solikamsk are the second and the third largest city of Perm, located on the mine workings Verkhnekamskoye deposit.

In this area the company Uralkali leads extraction of mineral raw materials for potash, magnesium production, technical and food grade salt [2].

In 1930 the first mines were built, at first in Solikamsk and then in Berezniki. Their construction was carried out in a rather favorable geological conditions of occurrence of the field. Construction of the second mine in Berezniki was conducted under more difficult conditions. Because of the low stability of the roof rocks it had to be used instead of drilling and blasting method Combine ore breaking. They began to show sudden outbursts of salt and gas at working sylvinite seams. As a result, the cities Berezniki and Solikamsk turned out to be partly on underworked territory.

1. Relevance of the topic

Since 1986, when the first accident occurred at the mine in Berezniki and till present time the situation remains extremely critical. It was recorded for five failures in the Perm region, which previously preceded by strong technological earthquake. Berezniki and Solikamsk become potentially dangerous. And so the observation of the mines conducted geological service of BRIC. Specialists of Institute of Geological Sciences and JSC Galurgiya gave a forecast within the panels of the transition period there is a possibility of forming a new failure in 2015. And this forecast materialize, respectively failures in Berezniki soil to lose its relevance.

2. Goals, tasks, object and research methods

The purpose of research is to examine possible causes and consequences of the failure of the soil in Solikamsk and Berezniki. Also, to develop measures to minimize negative impacts on the environment.

To achieve the set goal it is necessary to solve such problems as:

  1. To review the accident in the mines, the process and the formation of subsidence craters at the scene.
  2. To analyze the causes of failure of the soil.
  3. To consider the consequences of accidents.
  4. To consider ways to eliminate formed in the chambers of the mine brine.
  5. To develop a program to reduce the scale of the environmental disaster.
  6. To determine the optimum methods of disposal of sludge from brine in the soda factory.

The object of study: the process of subsidence and man-made earthquake in the Perm region.

The methods of research - in the performance of the master's work was used a complex method of research: analysis and synthesis of information resources dedicated to the problem of failures on the ground in the territory of Soda Plant; Theoretical studies of the process to minimize the negative impact on the environment; ecological and economic analysis of the use of advanced technologies in the production of the resulting brine.

3. The formation of ground failures

On 11 January 1986 in one of the chambers of mining the third mine in Berezniki were found trickle of brine. Locate the growing underground stream failed. By mid-March the power flow has exceeded one thousand cubic meters per hour. It began flooding of mine workings. From the night of the 26th to 27th of July further north combine of salt pile, in a wooded lands formed by the first failure, which was accompanied by an explosion of gases and powerful light flashes. In August, the failure was filled with water.

Because of the low position of ground water above the surface of the water were steep edge of the crater, a height of about 20 meters. Failure cut small forest stream so formed a small waterfall [4].

The 2010s continued to grow several ravines, and on the surface of greenish lake swim trunks of fallen trees. The funnel has an elongated shape. Dimensions on the water surface about (150 × 70) m, at the edge of woods – (210 × 110) m.

On 25October 1993 registered technogenic earthquake measuring 4 on the Richter scale near the BRU-3.

On 5 January 1995 there was a strong technogenic earthquake in Solikamsk. Five aftershocks were recorded from 3.5 to 5 points. As a result, the first and the second panels northeastern SKRU-2 on the ground three or four meters. The area of the site was sagging (950 × 750) m.

During the period from October 1993 to November 2005 there were several hundreds of man-made earthquakes from 2 to 5 points.

On 5 January 1995 for a few seconds in Solikamsk formed dip depth of 4 m area of 950 to 750 m. Under the ground left the lake and feeds on its springs.

The reason for the failure is called an earthquake measuring four points. Under the threat of flooding to provide first and second mines connected generation, and houses in Solikamsk. Destruction and flooding of the second mine was avoided [5].

4. The need for the elimination of the brine from the mines

In October 2006, in one of the sections of the first mine in Berezniki was found to increase the flow of brine. In July 2007, on the site of the mine formed a failure.

On 18 November 2014, Uralkali reported an increase in the inflow of brine in the mine mine mine group Solikamsk-2. It was introduced emergency response plan, including withdrawal of regular personnel on the surface and the suspension of ore extraction in the emergency mine.

In the period from 18.11.2014 to 10.12.2014 at the size of the failure of the number increased to 5 (50 x 80) meters, the average level of the brine inflow into the mine Solikamsk-2 was more than 700 cubic meters per hour (during this period the rate of flow continuously varied).

On February 17 in the Perm region in the town of Berezniki took a new sinkhole [6]. The funnel formed in the area of the former school number 26 with a diameter of five meters.

5. Ability to use brine

Considering the fact that the gaps are formed in the vicinity of Berezniki Soda Plant, we can offer the resulting brine wells as a raw material for lime and soda ash. This brine is formed when emissions of potassium and magnesium salts and their interaction with water. In order to supply the brine one should go into production stages such as preparation of brine, sedimentation, filtration, blending, drying, calcination [7]. In consequence of several steps of purification it is possible to obtained purified brine and sludge.

When you create a low- or environmentally sound technology endeavor to ensure the need for brine sludge fullest use of natural resources (material and energy), provides for the organization of processing of secondary material resources and the elimination of harmful emissions into the atmosphere and water, as well as the maximum loss reduction of heat into the environment.

The technology of processing sludge lime (Figure 5.1) [8].

After the purification, the brine is supplied to the slurry recycling. The crude brine enters the sump groove 1. The clarified phase from decanter is fed to the production of soda ash and condensed - to the intermediate vessel 2 and then to a filter press of the day reduction of Cl- ions to 2 % by reducing the humidity before washing due to its compression [9]. The filtrate from the filter press 4 is supplied to the collection, where the soda goes to manufacture.

Washing filtrate and the washing liquid after the regeneration of tissue was collected in a filter tank 5 and is sent to the production of soda. The filter cake is fed to the conveyor 6 hopper of vibrating proportioner 7. When the hopper are charged into a lime-kiln 8, where it is dried to about 8 %[10].

After firing, the material enters the refrigerator 9, and then in a hammer crusher 10 where it is cut, and then the silo 11. From silo 11 the product - the construction lime - directed to the consumer. The exhaust gas is routed through settling chamber into a cyclone 12 for dust removal.

Scheme of brine sludge processing in the production of lime Animation: format - gif, frame - 5, repeats - 25, the duration - 8 sec.


A – crude brine, B – In the production of soda,C – gas, D – air, F – lime; 1 – clarifier; 2 – intermediate container; 3 – chamber filter-press, 4 – a collection of leachate; 5 – a collection of wash water; 6 – the conveyor; 7 – bunker-vibrodozator; 8 – lime-kiln; 9 – fridge; 10 – hammer mill; 11 – silage; 12 – cyclone. Figure 5.1 – Scheme of brine sludge processing in the production of lime

Conclusions

Thus, we chose a method of processing the brine and justified method of disposal of sludge, which was formed as a result of brine purification.

The causes of failure and the effect of the soil in the Perm region receive. The methods to minimize the negative impact on the environment were offered.

References

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