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Abstract

Content

Introduction

For many centuries humanity strives to create a adaptations that could be simplified or completely solve the humans problem.

Every day laboratory and functional diagnostics technologies are complemented by alternative methods that can detect many diseases at an early stage.

Saliva analysis — a modern diagnostic method that is used to determine a variety of infections in the body. The biochemical analysis of saliva is aimed at the study of enzymes that determine the state of internal organs (liver, kidney, gallbladder, and others).

Saliva is vital fluid in the human body. It promotes chewing food bolus formation, swallowing, protects the oral cavity acts as a lubricant. Analysis of saliva helps identify any problems in the body at an early stage of their development.

1. Theme urgency

Currently, researchers and doctors are increasingly paying attention to the study of the salivary glands. More than a hundred years ago it was the salivary gland played an important role in the discovery of many physiological phenomena, especially in neurophysiology.

Currently, more urgent use saliva instead of blood as a non-traditional material for clinical and laboratory diagnosis of infection with the AIDS virus, hepatitis type B, and others. Study of saliva has a number of advantages compared with routine laboratory diagnostic methods using blood taken from a finger or a vein. It is above all the simplicity of the material collection, not painless the procedure, the absence of the risk of infection, the ability to obtain multiple samples.

2. Goal and tasks of research

The development objective of SCS has staged the preliminary diagnosis by biochemical analysis and urine.

To achieve the stated objective must be to develop SCS that will perform the following tasks:

3. Biochemical studies of saliva in the diagnosis of diseases

Study of saliva is a valuable non-invasive method of assessing the general condition of the body and of the oral cavity.

Analysis of the saliva mixed successfully used for immunoenzymatic diagnostic hepatitis A, B, C, as well as for testing of HIV-infection.

Reducing the activity of lysozyme in saliva is observed in patients with gastric cancer. Determination of α–fetoprotein in saliva is used for diagnosis of liver cancer. In systemic lupus erythematosus-specific IgA levels in saliva correlates well with its content in serum. Diagnosis of porphyria can be based on the determination of porphyrins in the saliva. In patients with diabetes sufficiently informative diagnostic tests is to measure the activity of the cytosolic enzyme, and immunoreactive insulin in mixed saliva.

There is a correlation between the content in the saliva and serum of alcohol, nicotine, drugs, pesticides and other toxic substances.

The definition of steroid and peptide hormones is a promising method for diagnosis of dysfunctions of the endocrine glands, stress reactions and circadian rhythms.

Enzymes mixed saliva reflect the state of the metabolism of the oral cavity. Activation of proteolysis in periodontitis contributes to the amino acid content in the composition of saliva.

The composition depends on the nature of saliva food, age, body condition and other factors that require compliance with standard terms collection and storage of saliva for clinical studies and evaluation of its performance.

The composition of saliva

Figure 1 – The composition of saliva (animation: 7 frames, 5 repeating, 196 kilobytes)

Composition saliva changes in certain diseases. When you nephritis complicated with uremia, in saliva increases the amount of residual nitrogen, the amount of nitrogen increases in gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. In patients with diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer increased amylolytic activity in the saliva.

Composition of human saliva.

Component Peoples are resistant to caries Peoples who are prone to caries The blood plasma
Secretion rate, ml / min 0,4±0,02 0,31±0,02
The precipitate ml/100 ml 6,76±0,38 10,14±0,52
рН 7,25±0,02 7,06±0,03 7,4
The dry residue, g/l 15±1,5 70±10
Inorganic substances, g/l 8±0,8 8–9
Organic substances, g/l 7±0,7 62±8
Inorganic components miles-eq./L (g/l)
Na+ 90 (2,07) 130 (3)
K+ 12,5 – 17,5 (0,5 – 0,7) 5 (0,2)
Ca2+ 2,3±0,05 (0,046±0,001) 2,45±0,05 (0,049±0,001) 5 (0,1)
Mg2+ 3,9 (0,047) 2 (0,024)
Cl- 87,9 (3,12) 105 (3,72)
HPO42- 4,02 (0,193±0,008) 3,5 (0,168±0,006) 0,83 (0,04)
Ca/P 0,257±0,007 1,9 – 2,1
Total protein, g/l 2,5±0,9 7±0,5
Mucin, g/l 1–3
Ig A, g/l 0,3–0,8
Amylase, g/l
Lysozyme, g/l		 0,2–0,3
0,15–0,2		 0,0085
Hexoses, g/l 0,13±0,01 0,15±0,04
Hexose mini, g/l 0,15±0,02 0,16±0,02
Neuraminic acid, g/l 0,02±0,002 0,02±0,002
Uronic acid, g/l 0,02±0,002 0,024±0,002
Lactic acid, g/l 0,033±0,004 0,045±0,008
Pyruvic acid, g/l 0,009±0,001 0,01±0,001
The enzymes (U/l)
Amylase 2700±130 2260±120
Acid phosphatase 0,27±0,02 0,29±0,01 2,2–4,3
Alkaline phosphatase 0,07±0,003 0,07±0,004 20–50 (24–80)
ALAT 2,58±0,32 3,6±0,38 12(30)
ASAT 3,68±0,25 4,92±0,4 8,3(8–27)
The aldolase 255±11 357±30 2000±8000
Non-protein nitrogen components of blood (g/l)
Residual nitrogen 0,1–0,2 0,3
Amino nitrogen 0,081±0,004 0,077±0,003
Urea 0,05–0,1 0,3

4. Laboratory diagnosis of diseases of the oral mucosa and periodontal

Diagnosis usually occurs in several stages. In a survey of the patient's physician is certain notions about the nature of the disease, when viewed — specifies their assumptions. Later it may be necessary to attract support laboratory and instrumental methods of research, the role of which — to confirm or deny the probability of the preliminary diagnosis. Thus they have become critical in the recognition of the disease.

Laboratory diagnostic methods.

For diagnosis, confirmation of the etiological role of agent, determine the status of the immune system is additionally used laboratory methods.

The general clinical blood test is an important method of examination, which requires each patient with periodontal pathology.

Index Values in units of СІ
Erythrocytes
women 3,8-4,5 g/l
men 4,5-5,0 g/l
Hemoglobin
women 120-140 g/l
men 130-160 g/l
Color index 0,9-1,1
Leukocytes 4,0-9,0 g/l
Segmentonuclear 1-6%
Segmented 47-72% (66%)
Eosinophils 0,5-5%
Basophils 0-1%
Monocytes 4-10%
Lymphocytes 19-37%
Reticulocytes 0,8-1,0%
Platelets 200-300 g/l
The settling time of blood the beginning — 1 minute 35 seconds – 2 minutes,
the end — 2 minutes 50 seconds–4 minutes.
Blood flow time 3 minutes

Of course it is necessary to investigate the blood of patients with ulcers and necrotic lesions and symptoms of hemorrhoids, as well as in cases of suspected blood disorder. A blood test helps to clarify the nature of periodontal reveal its possible relationship with the pathology of hematopoiesis. So, in some inflammatory diseases with an acute course of leukocyte count and the percentage of neutrophils, lymphocytes higher than normal, significantly reduced the number of monocytes and eosinophils (eosinophils), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is increased. In the case of some chronic diseases and intoxication hemogram may change little or, on the contrary, characterized by a significant decrease in the number of red blood cells, decreased hemoglobin, leukocyte formula shift to the left, increasing the ESR. Non-specific tests sensitization of the organism are: eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, lymphocytosis. Significant decrease in the number of erythrocytes, changing their shape, reducing the level of hemoglobin in their typical signs of anemia.

Lymphocytes play an important role in the development of immunity. They fix toxins and participate in the formation of antibodies (which may be converted into so-called plasma cells that produce γ–globulin). Finding these or other changes in lymphocytes, the doctor can not correctly assess the development of the disease, but also to develop a treatment strategy.

Cytological methods. One way is to study morphological cytology method, based on the study of cells and their individual structures and conglomerates. The method used for the diagnosis of diseases of the oral mucosa and periodontal over time, to monitor the effectiveness of treatment and to detect tumors of the maxillofacial region.

Informative cytology determined punctual performance of the main rules of collection and production of the drug.

5. Determination of the biochemical composition of saliva in schoolchildren with different physical activity in complex hygienic studies

The salivary glands react to any subtle changes in the condition of internal organs and systems of the body, whether it is a pathological process or physiological condition. Saliva Collection and analysis of one non-traumatic and new methods of medical research, it has advantages as compared with routine diagnostic laboratory methods using blood. The availability of ducts and especially regulation of salivation create facilities for research secretion glands for diagnostic purposes and do not require special conditions for the collection of the material, which is convenient for mass prophylactic examinations. These advantages are of great practical importance in monitoring the health population (particularly children).

Regular exercise is a stress for the organism, which is accompanied by the deployment of general nonspecific reaction — adaptation syndrome, which is also reflected in the change in the composition of saliva and its structural properties. It should be noted that only the optimum magnitude and duration of the motor load has a positive effect on the organism. At the same time as the lack or excess of physical activity is a pathogenic factor leading to disease.

Any strong impact, mental or physical, which is exposed to the body, accompanied by changes in the secretory activity of the adrenal cortex. Glucocorticoid hormones, which include cortisol, are the main connections for the development of the general adaptation syndrome. The recently appeared, which indicated that saliva is a convenient subject for research of cortisol, as it is stable and it is presented in the form of the free fraction. Most researchers studying hormonal composition of saliva believed that the determination of cortisol in saliva can have diagnostic value, although it is necessary to consider it a lower concentration compared to its content in the plasma.

With related cortisol secretion dynamics calcium concentration in blood and, respectively, in the saliva. Individuals with high cortisol stress due to the continuous loss of calcium is often observed, since it inhibited the absorption of calcium in the intestinal wall and its reabsorption in kidney tubules. Calcium is a vital mineral, which takes part in more than 300 biologically important reactions, including the formation of bone, dentin, enamel. Support of muscle contraction, nerve and neuromuscular conduction; participation in blood coagulation; activation of enzymes and endocrine glands; anti-inflammatory, anti-stress, desensitizing, anti-allergic effect; participate in the formation of short-term memory and learning skills. Calcium deficiency in children leads to stunted growth, impaired posture, reduced muscle tone, as well as various somatic pathology, so timely diagnosis gipocalcium and is important in pediatrics.

Conclusion

Saliva is clinically informative biological fluid, but we need further development and validation of biomarkers for implementation in clinical diagnostics to aid in the early diagnosis of cancer, risk assessment and response to therapy.

Improvement salivary biomarkers list depends on the stability and accuracy of detection, including sensitivity and reproducibility of assays, ease of implementation, high sensitivity and specificity, determining the amount of light in the clinical laboratory and the economic efficiency of the integrity of clinical diagnostic algorithms. Nevertheless, these new detection systems require further optimization and testing to implementation in routine clinical diagnosis.

In writing this essay master's work is not yet complete.

Final completion date: June 2017. The full text of work and materials on the topic can be obtained from the author or his manager after that date.

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