Abstract

Content

• Introduction
• 1. The relevance of the topic
• 2. The purpose and research tasks, planned results
• 3. A photoelectric сonverter (PV)
• 4. The principle of operation of photoelectric converters
• Conclusion
• References

Introduction

In our time shown a great interest in the use of renewable (alternative) energy sources: solar, wind, geothermal, etc. the level arriving at the Earth renewable energy the Sun is the most powerful of the known sources. Therefore, the development of devices using solar energy is one of the prospects.

The use of photovoltaic transducers for electricity generation allows solving questions of energy supply, environmental protection, saving fossil energy sources. Using a variety of devices of power electronics in power systems connected to the network, allows obtaining multifunctional systems.

1. The relevance of the topic

Solar energy is a relatively new method of electricity production. Rapid development of the industry began in the mid 2000-ies and was caused mainly by the policies of developed countries (primarily EU countries) to reduce dependence on hydrocarbons in the energy industry and the desire to achieve goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the rapid development of the industry has contributed to reducing the cost of production of solar panels and increases their efficiency.

Currently, photovoltaic energy converters are becoming increasingly popular for power supply of various objects. Over the past 10 years, the volume of installations of PV modules have increased significantly, which at a certain stage led to the shortage of crystalline silicon (the main material of the photo energy) and to the emergence of alternative technologies for the production of photovoltaic converters.

2. The purpose and research tasks, planned results

The main goal of this work is the analysis and application of photoelectric converters in the power supply, their features and drawbacks, methods of improving their effectiveness, assess the efficiency and application possibilities in the energy market.

3. A photoelectric сonverter (PV)

A separate photoelectric Converter – a semiconductor device that converts energy of photons into electrical energy. Energy conversion of light into electricity occurs at the level of the atomic structure of the body. Silicon is the most common material for making solar cells. Every single solar cells can produce a voltage of relatively small magnitude (about 0.5 V), so the individual elements are collected in modules, and modules in the panel (Fig. 1).

The solar cell generates electricity when hit not its surface the sun light, this means that at night time the solar panel does not generate electricity. But, as a rule, we need electricity round the clock, so the system solar panels introduced a battery pack. In its purpose it performs a function, the accumulation of electricity at the time of its surplus, and pays at the time of the shortage.

4. The principle of operation of photoelectric converters

Converting the electromagnetic energy of solar radiation in photovoltaic converters (PV) based on the photovoltaic effect, which occurs in inhomogeneous semiconductor structures when exposed to solar radiation.

The main advantages of solar cells:

• When there is no emission of pollutants into the environment;
• Saving of fossil fuels;
• The absence of moving parts, high operational reliability of the installation, the service life is 20 years or more;
• Reduced operating costs;
• Modular system (to increase plant capacity to increase the number of panels) in accordance with real user demand.

The main disadvantages of solar cells:

• High unit cost of construction;
• The production of energy is intermittent due to the rotation of the Earth and weather conditions;
• The need for surface cleaning of photoelectric transducers from the dust.

Photovoltaic cell consists of a metal base, performing the role of positive contact, semiconductors, p-type and n-type, forming a p-n junction. On the surface of the n-layer, a metal collector contact system.

Figure 2 represents the photovoltaic effect and the energy balance showing the considerable percentage of incident sola

The process of converting solar radiation into electricity, is accompanied by the following physical processes: 1 – separation of charge (excess electrons and holes); 2 – recombination; 3 – transmission; 4 – reflection and shading of the front surface contacts.

Conclusion

The most effective, from an energy point of view, devices for converting solar energy into electricity are semiconductor photovoltaic cells (solar cells), since it is a direct, one-stage transition of energy. Efficiency produced in industrial scale photovoltaic cells in an average of 16%, the best samples is as high as 25%. In the laboratory in the summer of 2013, Sharp has achieved efficiency solar cells at 44.4%, but in September, German scientists from the Institute of solar energy Fraunhofer society and the Berlin center of materials and energy Helmholtz announced the creation of the most efficient solar cell in the world, the efficiency of which is up 44.7%.

The paper discusses the various types of photoelectric converters, analysis of their characteristics and methods to improve their effectiveness.

References

1. Крюков К.В., Сазонов В.В., Кваснюк А.А. Использование фотоэлектрических преобразователей в системах электроснабжения // Труды Всероссийской научно-практической конференции, г. Москва, 1-3 июня 2010 г. – Москва, Россия / Т.2:Повышение надежности и эффективности эксплуатации электрических станций и энергетических систем. – 2010, Секция 5-9. – С. 111-112.
2. Калабушкина Н.М., Киселева С.В., Михайлин С.В., Тарасенко А.Б., Усанов А.Б. Традиционные и перспективные фотоэлектрические модули и их применение в фото энергетических системах // Международный научный журнал Альтернативная энергетика и экология. – 2013. – № 13 (135). – С. 10-18.
3. Солнечная энергетика [Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: alteco.in.ua. – (дата обращения: 12.11.2017).
4. Walker G.R., Sernia P.C. Cascaded DC-DC converter connection of photovoltaic modules // IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. – 2004. – Vol. 19. No. 4. July 2004. – С. 1130-1139.
5. Фотоэлектрические преобразователи солнечной энергии [Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа:gigavat.com. – (дата обращения: 14.11.2017).
6. Развитие солнечных технологий в мире. Дирекция по экономике отраслей ТЭК // Информационная справка аналитического центра при правительстве российской федерации, октябрь 2013. – 2013. – С. 2-3.
7. Портал по энергоснабжению Энергосовет [Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: energosovet.ru – (дата обращения: 15.11.2017).
8. Technical Application Papers №10. Photovoltaic plants, 2010. – 9 с.
9. Фотоэлементы. Фотоэлектрические преобразователи [Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: gigavat.com – (дата обращения: 19.11.2017).
10. Алфёров Ж.И., Андреев В.М., Румянцев В.Д. Тенденции и перспективы развития солнечной фотоэнергетики // Физика и техника полупроводников. – 2004. – том 38. – С. 941–942.
11. Сайт компании Авистэн Фотоэлектрические панели [Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: avisten.ural.ru – (дата обращения: 20.11.2017).
12. Нетрадиционные источники питания [Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: allalternativee.com – (дата обращения: 20.11.2017).