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Abstract

Содержание

Introduction

It's hard to imagine the region of existence or the practice of the person without consumption of oxygen. Leading companies involved in the production of oxygen, the intensive search of new ways to obtain O2, which is approaching twenty[1].

The main consumers of oxygen, of course, are energy, metallurgy and chemical industry. Electric and thermal power plants running on coal, oil or natural gas using atmospheric oxygen for fuel combustion. For metallurgical and chemical industries need not atmospheric and pure oxygen. Annually worldwide, more than 80 million tons of oxygen. For its production requires huge amounts of electricity, which, is also connected with the expenditure of oxygen. Net oxygen is consumed mainly for the production of steel from pig iron and scrap[1].Oxygen (rather than air) in the blast furnace allows to increase the speed of the blast furnace process, coke saving and get the cast iron of the best quality. Oxygen blast is used in oxygen converters in the redistribution of iron into steel. Pure oxygen or air enriched with oxygen, is used when receiving and many other metals (copper, Nickel, lead, etc.). Oxygen is used when cutting and welding metals. In this case use "bottled" oxygen. In the cylinder, the oxygen may be pressurized up to 15 MPa[2].the oxygen Cylinders are painted blue. The use of oxygen to address environmental problems related to wastewater treatment and destruction of hazardous waste.

Know more than ten ways of obtaining O2. There are two groups of processes: classical, open to the beginning of the twentieth century, and new, developed since the sixties (table. 1).

Table 1 – Methods of production of oxygen [1]

Classic
1. Thermal decomposition
2. Electrolysis of water
3. Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide 		4. Hydrolysis of peroxide compounds
5. Thermochemical separation from air
6. Cryogenic separation from air
New
7. The thermochemical decomposition of compounds
8. Absorption of air by the solvent
9. Adsorption separation from air
10. The separation from air in a membrane apparatus
11. Electrowinning of air 		12. The decomposition of water in a thermochemical cycle
13. Magnetic separation from air
14. Photochemical decomposition of water
15. The radiolysis of water
16. Radio-frequency decomposition of water
17. Resonance decomposition of water

1. The relevance of the topic

Today, according to most experts, theoretical and technological revolutionary changes in the classical ways to obtain oxygen in the near future is not expected. Therefore, new methods of oxygen production are becoming increasingly important. Of particular importance is the method of producing oxygen by the method of thermochemical decomposition of specially developed solid phase chemical compositions. Oxygen in a chemically bound state allows you to create a system combining the advantages of balloon storage: simplicity, high reliability, constant availability, lack of losses, and storage at cryogenic parameters: high specific and volumetric characteristics. To realise the benefits of a chemical source of O2 must satisfy a number of fundamental, sometimes conflicting, requirements: the ease of getting O2; storage stability; high purity oxygen; safety and reliability in operation; the release of large amounts of oxygen from per unit volume of the chemical source of oxygen. These requirements satisfy two groups of substances: chlorates and perchlorates of alkali and alkaline earth metals; peroxides, superoxides and ozonide metals.

2. The purpose and research tasks, planned results

The aim of the study is to obtain oxygen by catalytic decomposition of sodium chlorate and the choice of an effective catalyst.

In the following tasks:

  1. To analyze literature data on the properties of the chlorates and perchlorates of alkali and alkaline earth metals.
  2. To analyze literature data on the properties of peroxide compounds on the specific oxygen content, the ability to form a stable superoxide’s.
  3. To analyze the interaction of peroxide compounds of sodium chlorate and perchlorates of metals.
  4. To investigate the efficiency of the reactions of simple compounds with peroxide compounds of sodium.

3. Literature review

3.1 The production of oxygen from peroxide compounds

Interest in peroxide compounds is dictated by two circumstances: the diversity of species, which takes the oxygen combining with various elements in the formation of one or other peroxide compounds, and the possibility of using this diversity in all cases when it is necessary to have a source of chemically-bound and easily allocated to O2.

Of peroxide compounds in terms of specific oxygen greatest interest are peroxides of lithium, sodium, calcium and magnesium. However, the content of oxygen per unit volume, they are, overall, inferior to the peroxides of the heavier metals (Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd). Alkali metals (except lithium) are capable of forming stable, in contrast to heavy metals, superoxide’s. The best features, as you can see, has a superoxide of sodium.

Conclusion

The analysis of literary sources allows to draw the following conclusions:

  1. The structure of a unified process for the synthesis of Moore automata and defines the functions of its components.
  2. Based on analysis of the literature highlights the main algorithms that can be used in the proposed approach to the unification of the synthesis of Moore automata.
  3. A number of experiments on the use of a unified process for the synthesis of Moore automata, analyzed the results.

Further studies focused on the following aspects:

  1. The emergence of new and development of existing methods of oxygen production indicates the growing needs of the society in oxygen.
  2. Reviewed and analyzed the General properties of the peroxides of sodium and perchlorate.
  3. Analysis of the chemical and physical properties of substances (inorganic peroxides, perchlorates) that individually as they cannot be used to solve practical problems. They are prospective only as integral components of the chemical systems..

This master's work is not completed yet. Final completion: June 2018. The full text of the work and materials on the topic can be obtained from the author or his head after this date.

References

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