«Psychology of creative thought»

Actuality is that we live in the sea of products of human creation: openings, inventions, artistic works and literary texts, hardwares and informative systems, legal acts and moral norms. Capacity for creation, transformation of nature, to creation of new, not existing until now reality — maybe, main feature, distinguishing a man from animals. Philosophers, art critics, scientists, writers, during hundreds of years tried to unriddle the secret of human creation. However exposed it is till today. The purpose of decision of this question is aspiration of many psychologists, a long ago engaged in researches of creation and creative capabilities, to bring in the contribution to understanding of nature of man. By the task of scientists-psychologists, engaged in the problem of creation, to find answers for the followings questions: - in what psychological features of creative process, are his «mechanisms» which? do people differentiate on the level of development of creative capabilities? - what development of creative capabilities depends on: from heredity or from influencing of environment? - is it possible to develop creative capabilities from what age?

Psychology of creation

it is Possible to bring characteristic utterances over of the French writer Alfred de Vin'I: «I do not do the book, and it is done. It ripens and grows in my head, as a great fruit»; great poet and novelist Victor Gyugo: «God dictated and I wrote»; Avgustina: «I think not, but my ideas think for me»; genius of Renaissance Mikelandzhelo age: «If my heavy hammer gives hard rocks that one, other kind, he is driven to motion by a not hand, which holds him, sends and leads them: he operates under constraint extraneous force». With the leading role of unconscious, prevailing of him above consciousness in the process of creative act linked row of other features of creation; and details, effect of «weakness of will» at inspiration. In the moment of creation, involuntary activity of psyche, a man is not able to manage the stream of appearances, arbitrarily to reproduce appearances and experiencing. An artist is powerless to fill in the blanks of creative fantasy. Appearances are engendered and disappear spontaneously, contest with the primary project of artist (by the rationally created plan of work), more bright and dynamic appearances force out of consciousness less bright. That consciousness becomes a passive screen on which the human unconscious represents itself. A creator always tests confusion at attempts to explain reason, source of the fantasies. The «divine» and «demonic” versions of atributsii of reason of creation are most widespread. Thus artists and writers accepted these versions depending on the world view. If Bayron supposed that in a man infused with a «demon», Mikelandzhelo supposed that God leads his hand: «A good picture approaches God and meets with him». This investigation there is a tendency, looked after for many authors, — to otresheniyu from authorship. As wrote not I, but god, devil, spirit, «internal voice» (at П.И. Chaykovskogo), a creator realizes itself, as, for example, Motsart, by the instrument of extraneous force: «I here not thus». That the version of unpersonality source of creative act passes through spaces, epoches and cultures is notable. And in our time it regenerates in the ideas of great Joseph Brodskogo: «Poet, repeat, there is a mean of existence of language. Writing poem however, writes him not because he counts on posthumous glory, although often and hopes that a poem will outlive him, let for a short time. Writing a poem writes him because a language prompts him or simply dictates a next line. Beginning a poem, a poet, as a rule, does not know, what it will end and at times appears very surprised that turned out, because often turns out better, than he supposed, often an idea calls farther, than he expected. This is a that moment, when the future of language interferes in nastoyaschee.. Writing a poem writes him foremost because versification is the huge accelerating of consciousness, thought, world outlook. Testing this acceleration once, a man is already unable to give up the reiteration of this experience, he falls in dependence on this process, as fall in dependence on drugs and alcohol. Man, being in similar dependence on a language, I suppose, and named a poet”. It consisting of impersonality of which is poet, when feeling of the personal initiative absents and not felt the personal merit at creation of creative product, in a man as though infused with an alien spirit, or ideas, appearances, are suggested him, senses from outside. This experiencing results in an unexpected effect: a creator begins with indifference to behave to the creations or, moreover, with disgust. There is the so-called post-creative situation”. An author is alienated from the labour. At implementation of expedient activity, including — labour, an opposite effect is present, namely is a “effect of the inlaid activity”. What expended more persons efforts on achievement of purpose, production of product, the greater emotional meaningfulness this product acquires for him. As activity unconscious in a creative process attended with the special state of consciousness, a creative act is often accomplished in sleep, in a state of intoxication and under anesthesia. In order that to reproduce this state external facilities, many came running to artificial stimulation. When Romen Rollan wrote «Cola of Bryun'on», he drank wine; Shiller held feet in cold water; Bayron accepted laudanum; Prus smelled strong perfumes; Rousseau stood in the sunshine with the uncovered head; Mil'ton and Pushkin liked to write mainly lying on a sofa or couch. Kofemanami were Bal'zak, Bang, Shiller; by drug addicts is Edgar to On, John Lennon and Jim Morrison. (However, history of world rok-kul'tury all is related to psikhotropnymi facilities.) Spontaneity, suddenness, independence of creative act from external reasons is his basic second sign. A requirement in creation arises up then, when it is undesirable or impossible: consciousness provokes activity of unconscious as though. Thus author activity removes every possibility of logical idea and capacity for perception of surrounding. Many authors take the appearances for reality. A creative act is accompanied excitation and nervous tension. On the stake of reason there is only treatment, giving of complete, socially acceptable form the products of creation, casting aside of superfluous and working out in detail. So, spontaneity of creative act, passivity of will and changed of the state of consciousness in the moment of inspiration, activity unconscious it is talked about the special relations of consciousness and unconscious. Consciousness is passive and only perceives a creative product. The unconscious actively generates a creative product and presents it consciousness. In domestic psychology the most integral conception of creation as a psychical process Jacob Alexander Ponomarev offered. By the criterion of creative act, on Ponomarevu, there is a level transition: requirement in new knowledges folded at higher consciously-rational level of creative activity; facilities of satisfaction of this necessity are folded on low structural levels. They join in a process, what be going on high-level, that results in the origin of new method of co-operation of timber-toe by the world and origin of new knowledge. The same a creative product is generated intuition and can not be got on the basis of logical conclusion. By basis of success of decision of creative tasks, on Ponomarevu, there is ability to operate «in a mind». With a capacity for creation two personality qualities are linked, namely cognitive motivation and sensitiveness of man to side educations (to the ideas, appearances, senses, external products) which arise up at a cogitative process. Ponomarev selects the followings acts of creative process: at raising of problem consciousness is active, after on the stage of decision — actively unconscious, and consciousness is again engaged in a selection and verification of rightness of decision (on the third stage).